Table A1.

Summary of Medical Cost Estimates and Additional Selected Parameter Values

Parameter	National-Level Value		State-Level	Source
	Females	Males
Direct medical costs (in 2010 $US), discounted to year of service
Pregnancy and birth
Average public cost per birth for:
prenatal care, delivery, infant care to month 12	12,770	—	√	24
care of the child, months 13-60	7,950	—	√	76
Average public cost per miscarriage	1,252	—	√	a11, 24
Average public cost per abortion	376	—	√	a23
Sexually transmitted infections
Average cost per case:
PID	3,202	—		46
epididymitis	—	313		46
chlamydia	364	30		46
gonorrhea	354	79		46
HIV	330,000	330,000		18
Cancers
Average cost per case averted from testing:
cervical cancer	19,692	—		a46, 58
Average cost per case averted by vaccines:
cervical dysplasia	690	—		a73
precancer	1,863	—		a73
cervical cancer	16,732	—		a46, 58
vulvar cancer	6,404	—		a46, 58
vaginal cancer	7,366	—		a46, 58
anal/rectal cancer	11,263	—		a46, 58
oropharyngeal cancer	12,889	—		a46, 58
Medical costs paid for with public funds
Proportion of costs that are public:
births and miscarriages	0.94	—	√	a24
abortions	0.15	—	√	a23, 78
chlamydia and gonorrhea	0.33	0.33	√	61
HIV	0.75	0.75		21
precancer	0.28	—	√	61
cervical cancer	0.29	—	√	61
vulvar cancer	0.61	—	√	61
vaginal cancer	0.60	—	√	61
anal/rectal cancer	0.46	—	√	61
oropharyngeal cancer	0.49	—	√	61
Other parameters
Unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use
Proportion of unplanned births to women <250% federal poverty level conceived <18 months postpartum	0.26	—		33
Proportion of births that are LBW or preterm	0.15	—	√	34
Chlamydia, gonorrhea and their sequelae
Proportion of clients tested for:
chlamydia	0.50	0.58	√	25
gonorrhea	0.49	0.58	√	25
Proportion of tested clients who are positive:
chlamydia	0.06	0.05	√	a40
gonorrhea	0.01	0.01	√	a41
Proportion of positive clients who are treated: chlamydia and gonorrhea	0.97	0.97		42
Proportion of treated clients who were symptomatic: chlamydia and gonorrhea	0.31	0.31		82
Adjustment to account for women who would be tested without public funding	0.73	—		33
Absolute reduction in probability of sequelae due to treatment:
chlamydia and gonorrhea, symptomatic cases	0.15	0.02		46
chlamydia and gonorrhea, asymptomatic cases	0.08	0.02		46
Adjustment to chlamydia costs averted to account for gonorrhea coinfection	0.93	0.93		44
Adjustment to gonorrhea costs averted to account for chlamydia coinfection	0.79	0.90		44
Adjustment to account for reinfection: chlamydia and gonorrhea	0.70	0.70		44
Number of cases of STI averted in population per STI case treated	0.50	0.50		44
Probability of a new case of HIV attributable to chlamydia	0.0011	0.0011		44
Probability of a new case of HIV attributable to gonorrhea	0.0007	0.0007		44
Adjustment for time frame for STI-attributable HIV infections	0.25	0.25		44
Adjustment for partner overlap (heterosexuals)	0.75	0.75		44
Proportion of women with PID who:
experience pelvic pain	0.19	—		48
experience ectopic pregnancy	0.09	—		48
become infertile	0.17	—		48
HIV
Ratio of HIV tests performed per family planning clients served	0.22	0.51	√	a25, 50, 51
Proportion of tested clients who are positive:
HIV (overall)	0.0014	0.0014	√	a25, 50, 51
HIV (sex-specific)	0.0010	0.0035	√	a52, 53
Adjustment to account for women who would be tested without public funding	0.73	—		33
Adjustment to account for HIV infections previously known	0.63	0.63		20
HIV transmissions averted per 100 persons newly aware of their infection	7.80	7.80		19
Years of transmissions averted from testing	3.00	3.00		22
Pap and HPV testing
Proportion of female clients tested	0.36	—	√	a25, 33
Adjustment to account for women who would be tested without public funding	0.73	—		33
Number of cervical cancer cases averted per 100,000 women tested:
Pap-only testing regimen	148	—		a56
Pap plus HPV testing regimen	165	—		a56
Number of cervical cancer deaths averted per 100,000 women tested:
Pap-only testing regimen	87	—		a56
Pap plus HPV testing regimen	94	—		a56
Proportion of women tested using Pap-only testing regimen	0.59	—		a57
HPV vaccines
Ratio of HPV injections provided to female clients served	0.014	—		a3, 26
Adjustment to account for women who would be tested without public funding	0.73	—		33
Proportion of female clients vaccinated receiving:
3 doses	0.46	—		64
2 doses	0.22	—		64
1 dose	0.32	—		64
Effectiveness of regimen:
3-dose regimen	0.99	—		66
2-dose regimen	0.89	—		a66-68
1-dose regimen	0.80	—		a66-68
Adjustment factor to account for exposure to HPV prior to vaccination	0.38	—		a71
Cases averted per 100,000 women vaccinated:
abnormal cervical cell cases	50,000	—		72
precancer cases	10,000	—		72
cervical cancer cases	500	—		72
cervical cancer deaths	200	—		72
Ratio of other HPV-attributable cancers averted per cervical cancer case averted:
vulvar cancers	0.14	—		46
vaginal cancers	0.04	—		46
anal/rectal cancers	0.24	—		46
oropharyngeal cancers	0.13	—		46

^aNational- and/or state-level values are calculated from figures in the reference(s) listed.