Figure 3.

Schematic diagram showing various devices and microelectrode chip fabrication types for different studies using bioimpedance platform.

Notes: (A) Real-time optical imaging and impedance measurements. The camera is located above the cell culture chip, which enables provision of real-time imaging. (B) Microfluidic based cell culture sensing system: interdigitated array of electrodes on glass for impedance sensing, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for gradient generation and cell culture, which can provide the concentration dependent cellular behavior. (C) Three-dimensional depiction of a hydrogel chamber of a diffusion cell culture chip integrated with electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). (D) Qualitative and quantitative data acquisition using a computer interface with a data monitoring and storage system.