Table 3.
Prospective studies with examples of drug targeting, identification, and screening using a bioimpedance platform
| Study | Cells used | Analyte used | Observations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticancer effects | CaSki and SMMC-7721 | Cisplatin | Half-maximum effect at 4 μM | 5 |
| Hela and RKO | Cisplatin | Half-maximum effect at 16 μM | 5 | |
| A549 cells | ROCK inhibitor | Importance of PLGF in lung cancer | 44 | |
| Breast cancer cells | Eplin-α | Inhibition of cell migration via ERK-dependent pathway | 47 | |
| MDA-MB-435 cells/HUVECs | TGF-β | TGF-β enhanced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-435 cells | 50 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinogenesis cell lines | Leptin | Leptin-induced invasion and inhibition of leptin with JAK/STAT, PI3K, AKT/ERK inhibitors | 51 | |
| Antiviral screening | CHSE214 cells | IPNV/IHNV | Cytopathic effect of viruses on cells in culture | 53 |
| MDCK cells | Influenza A virus | Detection of minute alterations in cells monolayers due to viruses | 54 | |
| Human lung endothelial cells | Bluetongue virus | Role of p38 MAPK, molecular pathway for viral induction of hemorrhagic fevers | 56 | |
| Human bronchial epithelial cells | VEGF/RSV | Endothelial fenestration effects and inhibition of VEGF, RSV with VEGF antibody and palivizumab | 58 | |
| Photoprotectivity | HDFn cells | Quercetin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, nano-APETE | DPPH radical scavenging activity, synergetic photoprotective effect of nano-APETE | 60, 61 |
| RGCs | Light exposures (white, red, green, blue) | Photooxidative stress due to light exposure | 7 | |
| RGCs | β-carotene, quercetin, agmatine, and glutathione | Phototoxicity, efficacy of drugs | 62 | |
| RGCs | Agmatine and resveratrol | Phototoxicity, efficacy of drugs | 63 | |
| Migration | HDFn cells | Zeaxanthin | Inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced HDFn migrations | 64 |
| BLMVECs | Focal adhesion kinase | Sustained transendothelial migration due to FAK inhibitor | 65 | |
| Motility | Fibroblasts/scleroderma fibroblasts | Different kinds of human sera | Active cellular micromotion | 71 |
| SK-LMS-1, HT29, renal carcinoma cells | Spry2 | Inhibition of cellular movements due to overexpression of Spry2 | 72 | |
| Eukaryotic cells | Dictyosteliumdis coideum, agarose | Chemotactic response of eukaryotic cell | 73 | |
| Metabolism | NIH3T3 cells | CXCR2 | Cellular transformation | 76 |
| Ion channel activities | Mouse fibroblast cells (L929) | Flufenamic acid | Inhibition of connexin hemichannels, prevention of ATP and Ca2+ release | 82 |
| Signaling | Endothelial cells | GPR4 | Role and mediation of GPR4 in cell signaling | 89 |
| HBMECs | Thrombin/PAR1 | Formation of cellular gaps and elevation of permeability | 90 | |
| Anti-cytotoxicity | Renal tubular cells | Glutathione | Recovery shown at ≤2 mM | 32 |
| Renal tubular cells | Sodium thiosulfate | Recovery shown at ≤0.5 mM | 32 |
Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BLMVECs, bovine lung microvessel endothelial cell; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; HBMECs, human brain microvascular endothelial cells; HDFn, Human dermal fibroblasts, neonatal; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IHNV, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; IPNV, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLGF, placental growth factor; RGCs, retinal ganglion cells; ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; APETE, Apple peel ethanolic extract.