Table 1.
Demographics
| Bipolar I, Psychosis Hx | Bipolar I, No Psychosis Hx | Healthy Comparison | Schizophrenia | Significance (HC, BPP, BPW) | Significance (BPW vs BPP) | Significance (BPP vs SCZ) | Significance (BPW vs SCZ) | Significance (HC, BPP, BPW, SCZ) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F Value/ Chi Square | P Value | t Value/ Chi Square | P Value, 2-Tail | t Value/ Chi Square | P Value, 2-Tail | t Value/ Chi Square | P Value, 2-Tail | F Value/ Chi Square | P Value | |
| Sample size | 33 | 40 | 56 | 73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| # Female (%) | 21 (63%) | 32 (80%) | 32 (57%) | 24 (33%) | 5.52 | .06 | 2.43 | .12 | 8.80 | .00 | 22.95 | .00 | 25.45 | .00 |
| Age (M ± SD) | 34.18 (10.9) | 30.20 (11.5) | 31.25 (10.3) | 32.99 (10.9) | 1.29 | .28 | 1.51 | .14 | 0.52 | .60 | 1.27 | .21 | 1.08 | .36 |
| Education | 13.94 (1.6) | 14.45 (2.1) | 15.11 (2.1) | 13.79 (1.8) | 3.75 | .03 | 1.14 | .26 | 0.39 | .70 | 1.73 | .09 | 5.37 | .00 |
| Mother’s education | 13.67 (3.0) | 14.26 (2.3) | 13.63 (2.6) | 13.79 (3.0) | 0.77 | .47 | 0.96 | .34 | 0.20 | .84 | 0.84 | .41 | 0.45 | .72 |
| Father’s education | 14.64 (3.4) | 15.00 (3.8) | 12.98 (3.9) | 14.05 (3.6) | 3.97 | .02 | 0.43 | .67 | 0.78 | .44 | 1.30 | .20 | 2.71 | .05 |
| Mean parental education | 14.15 (2.9) | 14.63 (2.7) | 13.30 (2.9) | 13.92 (3.1) | 2.45 | .09 | 0.67 | .50 | 0.33 | .75 | 1.09 | .28 | 1.54 | .21 |
| Clinical course | ||||||||||||||
| Age at diagnosis | 18.27 (6.1) | 18.73 (6.9) | N/A | (not available) | — | — | 0.29 | .77 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Duration of illness | 15.91 (10.9) | 11.48 (9.1) | N/A | (not available) | — | — | 1.89 | .06 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Current symptomatology | ||||||||||||||
| Depression (HAMD) | 3.12 (3.1) | 4.33 (4.0) | 0.33 (0.7) | (not available) | 25.80 | .0000 | 1.41 | .16 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mania (YMRS) | 2.45 (3.3) | 2.88 (3.7) | 0.15 (0.4) | (not available) | 14.55 | .0000 | 0.51 | .61 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Psychosis (BPRS) | 28.79 (4.4) | 27.90 (3.6) | 24.56 (1.0) | (not available) | 23.56 | .0000 | 0.95 | .35 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| PANSS | (not available) | (not available) | (not available) | 60.22 (14.6) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Mood stabilizer(s) | 18 (54%) | 19 (47%) | N/A | 20 (27%) | — | — | 0.36 | .55 | 7.28 | .01 | 4.62 | .03 | — | — |
| Antidepressant(s) | 11 (33%) | 20 (50%) | N/A | 25 (34%) | — | — | 2.06 | .15 | 0.01 | .93 | 2.68 | .10 | — | — |
| Atypical antipsychotic(s) | 15 (45%) | 10 (25%) | N/A | 60 (82%) | — | — | 3.36 | .07 | 14.82 | .00 | 35.86 | .00 | — | — |
| Anxiolytic/ benzodiazepine(s) | 12 (36%) | 14 (35%) | N/A | 13 (18%) | — | — | 0.01 | .90 | 4.34 | .04 | 4.20 | .04 | — | — |
| Lithium | 8 (24%) | 5 (12%) | N/A | 6 (8%) | — | — | 1.70 | .19 | 5.09 | .02 | 0.54 | .46 | — | — |
| Unmedicated | 6 (18%) | 6 (15%) | N/A | 7 (9%) | — | — | 0.13 | .72 | 1.56 | .21 | 0.74 | .39 | — | — |
| Typical antipsychotic(s) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | N/A | 12 (16%) | — | — | 0.84 | .36 | 6.12 | .01 | 4.93 | .03 | — | — |
| CPZ equivalents | (not available) | (not available) | (not available) | 232.39 (204.2) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Data quality considerations | ||||||||||||||
| Signal-to-noise | 217.71 (51.1) | 216.04 (54.0) | 215.45 (58.9) | 212.12 (62.3) | 55.19 | .98 | 0.14 | .89 | 0.45 | .65 | 0.33 | .74 | 0.09 | .97 |
| % Frames Scrubbed | 11.74 (9.5) | 10.82 (10.1) | 9.74 (10.4) | 18.51 (16.7) | 0.42 | .66 | 0.43 | .67 | 2.65 | .01 | 3.07 | .00 | 6.06 | .00 |
Note: PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BPP, bipolar patients with psychosis history; BPW, bipolar patients without psychosis history; SCZ, schizophrenia patients, BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; Hx, history; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; CPZ, chlorpromazine (calculated as per Andreasen et al 52 ); PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; HC, healthy controls. Age, education levels, parental education, age at diagnosis and duration of illness are expressed in years. Of note, no pair-wise BPP-BPW comparisons reached significance. In cases where there were significant differences between clinical groups (eg, gender proportion and % frames scrubbed), we used these variables as covariates. No result was changed when covarying for variables with significant between-group effects.