Table 2. Factors associated with death during TB treatment among TB/HIV co-infected patients, Yaoundé Central Hospital, 2006–2013, Cameroon.
| Variables, n (%) | Dead n = 99 | Alive n = 206 | Total N = 305§ | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
| Crude OR (CI 95%) | p-value | Adjusted OR (CI 95%) | p-value | ||||
| SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 52 (52.5) | 96 (46.6) | 148 (48.5) | 1.27 (0.78–2.05) | .333 | ||
| Female | 47 (47.5) | 110 (53.4) | 157 (51.5) | Ref | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| ≥47 | 26 (26.3) | 47 (22.8) | 73 (23.9) | 1.22 (0.62–2.39) | .567 | ||
| 39–46 | 20 (20.2) | 58 (28.2) | 78 (25.6) | 0.76 (0.38–1.52) | .435 | ||
| 33–38 | 28 (28.3) | 46 (22.3) | 74 (23.3) | 1.34 (0.69–2.61) | .390 | ||
| 18–32 | 25 (25.3) | 55 (26.7) | 80 (26.2) | Ref | |||
| Level of education | |||||||
| Primary/No formal | 30 (30.3) | 56 (27.2) | 86 (28.2) | 1.16 (0.69–1.97) | .571 | ||
| Secondary/University | 69 (69.7) | 150 (72.8) | 219 (71.8) | Ref | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Alone (single/widowed/divorced) | 60 (60.6) | 103 (50.0) | 163 (53.4) | 1.54 (0.95–2.50) | .083 | 1.44 (0.78–2.65) | .242 |
| Married/Cohabiting | 39 (39.4) | 103 (50.0) | 142 (46.6) | Ref | |||
| Residence | |||||||
| Rural | 13 (13.1) | 21 (10.2) | 34 (11.1) | 0.75 (0.40–1.57) | .447 | ||
| Urban | 86 (86.9) | 185 (89.8) | 271 (88.9) | Ref | |||
| CLINICAL | |||||||
| Year of TB diagnosis | |||||||
| 2006–2009 | 70 (70.7) | 106 (51.5) | 176 (57.7) | 2.28 (1.37–3.80) | .002 | 2.50 (1.31–4.78) | .006 |
| 2010–2013 | 29 (29.3) | 100 (48.5) | 129 (42.3) | Ref | |||
| TB clinical presentation* | |||||||
| Mixed (Pulmonary + EP TB) | 8 (8.1) | 7 (3.4) | 15 (4.9) | 2.91 (1.86–4.56) | .973 | ||
| EP TB only | 41 (41.4) | 69 (33.5) | 110 (36.1) | 1.51 (1.20–1.91) | .859 | ||
| SNP TB only | 19 (19.2) | 51 (24.8) | 70 (23.0) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | .485 | ||
| SPP TB only | 31 (31.3) | 79 (38.3) | 110 (36.1) | Ref | |||
| Status at TB diagnosis | |||||||
| Retreatment case | 11 (11.1) | 27 (13.1) | 38 (12.5) | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) | .227 | ||
| New case | 88 (88.9) | 179 (86.9) | 267 (87.5) | Ref | |||
| Body weight (Kg) | |||||||
| ≤50 | 51 (51.5) | 63 (30.6) | 114 (37.4) | 2.38 (1.44–3.93) | .001 | 1.75 (0.94–3.29) | .079 |
| >50 | 39 (39.4) | 117 (56.8) | 156 (51.1) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 9 (9.1) | 26 (12.6) | 35 (11.5) | - | |||
| Duration of known HIV infection | |||||||
| ≥12 months | 13 (13.1) | 39 (18.9) | 52 (17.0) | 0.65 (0.49–0.85) | .002 | 0.73 (0.32–1.68) | .460 |
| <12 months | 86 (86.9) | 167 (81.1) | 253 (83.0) | Ref | |||
| Presence of another AIDS-related non-TB disease | |||||||
| Yes | 27 (27.3) | 23 (11.2) | 50 (16.4) | 2.98 (2.32–3.84) | <.0001 | 2.73 (1.27–5.86) | .010 |
| No | 72 (72.7) | 183 (88.8) | 255 (83.6) | Ref | |||
| Presence of another non-AIDS comorbidity | |||||||
| Yes | 20 (20.2) | 17 (8.3) | 37 (12.1) | 2.81 (2.12–3.74) | <.0001 | 3.35 (1.37–8.21) | .008 |
| No | 79 (79.8) | 189 (91.7) | 268 (87.9) | Ref | |||
| Cotrimoxazole prophylactic therapy | |||||||
| No | 32 (32.3) | 31 (15.0) | 63 (20.7) | 2.70 (2.14–3.40) | <.0001 | 3.61 (1.71–7.63) | .001 |
| Yes | 67 (67.7) | 175 (85.0) | 242 (79.0) | Ref | |||
| Antiretroviral therapy | |||||||
| No | 37 (37.4) | 60 (29.1) | 97 (31.8) | 1.45 (1.18–1.79) | .0004 | 2.45 (1.18–5.08) | .016 |
| Yes | 62 (62.6) | 146 (70.9) | 208 (68.2) | Ref | |||
| LABORATORY VALUES | |||||||
| White blood cell level (cell/mm3) | |||||||
| <4,000 | 38 (38.4) | 61 (29.6) | 99 (32.5) | 1.67 (0.98–2.84) | .061 | 1.32 (0.68–2.58) | .417 |
| >10,000 | 14 (14.1) | 26 (12.6) | 40 (13.1) | 1.39 (0.67–2.87) | .375 | 0.54 (0.20–1.46) | .220 |
| 4,000–10,000 | 40 (40.4) | 110 (53.4) | 150 (49.2) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 7 (7.1) | 9 (4.4) | 16 (5.2) | - | |||
| Hemoglobin level (g/dl) | |||||||
| <8 | 39 (39.4) | 61 (29.6) | 100 (32.8) | 1.55 (0.91–2.64) | .107 | 1.33 (0.70–2.54) | .380 |
| ≥8 | 53 (53.5) | 135 (65.5) | 188 (61.6) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 7 (7.1) | 10 (4.9) | 17 (5.6) | - | |||
| CD4 cell count (cell/mm3) | |||||||
| <50 | 56 (56.6) | 44 (21.4) | 100 (32.8) | 8.14 (0.75–88.89) | .082 | 16.43 (1.05–258.04) | .047 |
| 50–199 | 31 (31.3) | 100 (48.5) | 131 (43.0) | 2.09 (0.20–21.71) | .519 | 4.17 (0.29–59.8) | .275 |
| 200–350 | 4 (4.0) | 33 (16.0) | 37 (12.1) | 1.09 (0.06–19.28) | .950 | 1.40 (0.06–31.52) | .821 |
| >350 | 1 (1.0) | 10 (4.9) | 11 (3.6) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 7 (7.1) | 19 (9.2) | 26 (8.5) | - | |||
§
From the 337 patients, we have excluded all patients who were lost to follow-up (n = 14) and not evaluated (n = 18).
*SPP: smear positive pulmonary, SNP: smear negative pulmonary, EP: extra pulmonary.
TB: tuberculosis.
All missing data were imputed.