Table 3. Factors associated with death/lost to follow-up during TB treatment among TB/HIV co-infected patients, Yaoundé Central Hospital, 2006–2013, Cameroon.
| Variables, n (%) | Dead+LTFUn = 113 | Alive n = 206 | Total N = 319§ | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
| Crude OR (CI 95%) | p-value | Adjusted OR (CI 95%) | p-value | ||||
| SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 54 (47.8) | 96 (46.6) | 150 (53.0) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | .839 | ||
| Female | 59 (52.2) | 110 (53.4) | 169 (47.0) | Ref | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| ≥47 | 26 (23.0) | 47 (22.8) | 73 (22.9) | 1.05 (0.54–2.02) | .886 | ||
| 39–46 | 25 (22.1) | 58 (28.2) | 83 (26.0) | 0.82 (0.43–1.57) | .543 | ||
| 33–38 | 33 (29.2) | 46 (22.3) | 79 (24.8) | 1.36 (0.72–2.57) | .341 | ||
| 18–32 | 29 (25.7) | 55 (26.7) | 84 (26.3) | Ref | |||
| Level of education | |||||||
| Primary/No formal | 35 (31.0) | 56 (27.2) | 91 (28.5) | 1.20 (0.72–1.99) | .474 | ||
| Secondary/University | 78 (69.0) | 150 (72.8) | 228 (71.5) | Ref | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Alone (single/widowed/divorced) | 70 (69.1) | 103 (50.0) | 173 (54.2) | 1.63 (1.02–2.60) | .041 | 1.67 (0.91–3.04) | .097 |
| Married/Cohabiting | 43 (38.1) | 103 (50.0) | 146 (45.8) | Ref | |||
| Residence | |||||||
| Rural | 13 (11.5) | 21 (89.8) | 34 (10.7) | 1.15 (0.55–2.38) | .717 | ||
| Urban | 100 (88.5) | 185 (10.2) | 285 (89.3) | Ref | |||
| CLINICAL | |||||||
| Year of TB diagnosis | |||||||
| 2006–2009 | 82 (72.6) | 106 (51.5) | 188 (58.9) | 2.50 (1.52–4.10) | <.001 | 3.0 (1.57–5.70) | .001 |
| 2010–2013 | 31 (27.4) | 100 (48.5) | 131 (41.1) | Ref | |||
| TB clinical presentation* | |||||||
| Mixed (Pulmonary + EP TB) | 10 (8.8) | 7 (3.4) | 17 (5.3) | 2.89 (1.02–8.18) | .045 | 1.74 (0.47–6.48) | .407 |
| EP TB only | 43 (38.1) | 69 (33.5) | 112 (35.1) | 1.26 (0.74–2.17) | .398 | 1.49 (0.76–2.91) | .241 |
| SNP TB only | 21 (18.6) | 51 (24.8) | 72 (22.6) | 0.83 (0.44–1.58) | .577 | 0.48 (0.21–1.06) | .069 |
| SPP TB only | 39 (34.5) | 79 (38.3) | 118 (37.0) | Ref | |||
| Status at TB diagnosis | |||||||
| Retreatment case | 12 (10.6) | 27 (13.1) | 39 (12.2) | 0.79 (0.38–1.62) | .517 | ||
| New case | 101 (89.4) | 179 (86.9) | 280 (87.8) | Ref | |||
| Body weight (Kg) | |||||||
| ≤50 | 56 (49.6) | 63 (30.6) | 119 (37.3) | 2.11 (1.27–3.50) | .004 | 1.46 (0.79–2.69) | .226 |
| >50 | 47 (41.6) | 117 (56.8) | 164 (51.4) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 10 (8.8) | 26 (12.6) | 36 (11.3) | - | |||
| Duration of known HIV infection | |||||||
| ≥12 months | 14 (12.4) | 39 (18.9) | 53 (16.6) | 1.65 (0.85–3.19) | .136 | 1.31 (0.59–2.90) | .513 |
| <12 months | 99 (87.6) | 167 (81.1) | 266 (83.4) | Ref | |||
| Presence of another AIDS-related non-TB disease | |||||||
| Yes | 29 (25.7) | 23 (11.2) | 52 (16.3) | 2.74 (1.50–5.03) | .001 | 2.61 (1.20–5.70) | .016 |
| No | 84 (74.3) | 183 (88.8) | 267 (83.7) | Ref | |||
| Presence of another non-AIDS comorbidity | |||||||
| Yes | 21 (18.6) | 17 (8.3) | 38 (11.9) | 2.54 (1.28–5.04) | .008 | 3.34 (1.40–7.99) | .007 |
| No | 92 (81.4) | 189 (91.7) | 281 (88.1) | Ref | |||
| Cotrimoxazole prophylactic therapy | |||||||
| No | 36 (31.9) | 31 (15.0) | 67 (21.0) | 2.64 (1.52–4.57) | .001 | 3.91 (1.86–8.21) | <.001 |
| Yes | 77 (68.1) | 175 (85.0) | 252 (79.0) | Ref | |||
| Antiretroviral therapy | |||||||
| No | 43 (38.1) | 60 (29.1) | 103 (32.3) | 1.50 (0.92–2.43) | .104 | 2.64 (1.29–5.38) | .008 |
| Yes | 70 (61.9) | 146 (70.9) | 216 (67.7) | Ref | |||
| LABORATORY VALUES | |||||||
| White blood cell level (cell/mm3) | |||||||
| <4,000 | 41 (36.3) | 61 (29.6) | 102 (32.0) | 1.49 (0.88–2.51) | .135 | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) | .499 |
| >10,000 | 17 (15.0) | 26 (12.6) | 43 (13.5) | 1.57 (0.78–3.17) | .206 | 0.71 (0.29–1.76) | .453 |
| 4,000–10,000 | 47 (41.6) | 110 (53.4) | 157 (49.2) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 8 (7.1) | 9 (4.4) | 17 (5.3) | - | |||
| Hemoglobin level (g/dl) | |||||||
| <8 | 42 (37.2) | 61 (29.6) | 103 (32.3) | 1.45 (0.90–2.35) | .129 | 1.28 (0.70–2.34) | .426 |
| ≥8 | 63 (55.8) | 136 (66.0) | 199 (62.4) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 8 (7.1) | 9 (4.4) | 17 (5.3) | - | |||
| CD4 cell count (cell/mm3) | |||||||
| <50 | 62 (54.9) | 44 (21.4) | 106 (33.2) | 3.81 (0.89–16.24) | .069 | 11.14 (1.82–68.21) | .011 |
| 50–199 | 36 (31.9) | 100 (48.5) | 136 (42.6) | 1.03 (0.22–4.74) | .967 | 2.59 (0.44–15.44) | .283 |
| 200–350 | 4 (3.5) | 33 (16.0) | 37 (11.6) | 0.44 (0.07–2.90) | .379 | 0.61 (0.09–4.13) | .604 |
| >350 | 3 (2.7) | 10 (4.9) | 13 (4.1) | Ref | |||
| Missing | 8 (7.1) | 19 (9.2) | 27 (8.5) | - | |||
§
From the 337 patients, we have excluded all patients who were not evaluated (n = 18).
*SPP: smear positive pulmonary, SNP: smear negative pulmonary, EP: extra pulmonary.
LTFU: lost to follow-up, TB: tuberculosis.
All missing data were imputed.