Table 5.
Studies which show the impact of parity and lactation on bone biomarkers
| Author | Type of study | Subjects | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| More et al. 2003 | Prospective | 20 pregnant women | ↑bone markers during pregnancy and lactation; fail to reach baseline 12 months postpartum |
| Bezerra et al. 2002 | Cross-sectional | 61 (14-19 yrs) & 77 (21-35 yrs) | Pregnancy and lactation affect bone turnover in adolescent and adults differently |
| Uemura et al 2002 | - | 14 (23-36 yrs) | Partial link between OPG and bone resorption after delivery |
| Naylor et al. 2003 | Longitudinal | 17 (20-36 yrs) | No correlation between OPG change & bone turnover or BMD in pregnancy |
| Kovacs et al 1995 | 33 lactating women | Lactation →↑PTHrP, Ca, P, ↓PTH | |
| Cross et al 1995 | Longitudinal | 10 women | ↑Bone turnover during late pregnancy & lactation |
| Gallacher et al. 1994 | Longitudinal | 10 pregnant women | ↑PTHrP, BALP during pregnancy; ↑PTH postpartum |
| Chan et al 2005 | Longitudinal | 23 postpartum | ↑iPTH in lactating and non lactating mothers; ↑BALP in lactating mothers |
| Carneiro et al. 2010 | Prospective cohort | 49 (24-41 yrs) | ↑CTX, NTX, BALP, OC in lactating mothers than controls |
RF = risk factor; PrM = premenopausal women; PoM = postmenopausal women; BMD= bone mineral density; yrs = years
OPG = osteoprotegerin; Ca = calcium; PTHrP = PTH related protein; PTH = parathormone; P = Phosphorus
CTX = cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen; BBALP= bone alkaline phosphatase; NTX = cross-linked N-telopeptide of procollagen
Oc = osteocalcin; iPTH = intact parathyroid hormone