Table 2.
Comparative pfcrt K76 and pfmdr1 N86 allele frequency changes in various malaria-endemic African countries relative to withdrawal and introduction of CQ and ACTs, respectively.
| Country | CQ Withdrawal/ACT | Year of Study | % Frequency Change |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Introduction | Pfcrt _K76 | Pfmdr1 _N86 | |||
| Malawi | 1993/2008 | 1992–2000 | 15.0–87.0 | 69.0–75.0 | Kublin et al. (2003) |
| Mozambique | 2002/2008 | 2006–2010 | 3.90–67.6 | 25.3–69.1 | Raman et al. (2011) |
| Zanzibar | 2001/2003 | 2003–2010 | 4.00–37.0 | 25.0–48.0 | Froberg et al. (2012) |
| Mozambique | 2002/2008 | 2009–2010 | 43.9–66.4 | 64.7–84.1 | Thomsen et al. (2013) |
| Tanzania | 2001/2006 | 2006–2011 | 49.0–85.0 | 14.0–61.0 | Malmberg et al. (2013b) |
| Uganda | 2000/2004 | 2003–2012 | 0.00–17.0 | 10.0–51.0 | Mbogo et al. (2014) |
| Senegal | 2003/2006 | 2000–2009 | 27.6–40.5 | 67.0–78.0 | Ly et al. (2012) |
| The Gambia | 2004/2008 | 2000–2008⁎ | 23.7–40.7 | 21.7–74.2 | Nwakanma et al. (2014) |
∗
This Gambian study was conducted between 1984 and 2008. Over subsequent survey time points, proportions of isolates with resistant pfcrt 76 and pfmdr 86 alleles increased progressively to peak in 2000. This, therefore, is the point from which we begin to analyze the frequency change from mutant to wild-type alleles.