Table 8. KEGG Pathways with significant differences between meal categories as predicted by PICRUSt.
PICRUSt was used to predict the functional potential of the microbial community found in each meal. This table contains all of the predicted KEGG pathways (at the 3rd hierarchical level) that vary significantly (p-value <0.05) across nutrient composition or meal category type.
| Nutrient/Descriptor | KEGG functional category (level 3) | Type of test used | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium_bin | Peptidases | ANOVA | 0.039 |
| Carotene_beta_bin | Prenytransferases | Welch’s T-test | 0.041 |
| Carotene_beta_bin | Vibrio cholera pathogenic cycle | 0.041 | 0.042 |
| Dairy | Other glycan degradation | Welch’s T-test | 0.041 |
| Protein | Phenypropanoid biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.021 |
| Vitamin_C_bin | Calcium signaling pathway | ANOVA | 0.023 |
| Vitamin_C_bin | Transporters | ANOVA | 0.049 |
| Vitamin_A | Cytoskeleton proteins | ANOVA | 0.017451421 |
| Vitamin_A | Peptidases | ANOVA | 0.019130989 |
| Vitamin_A | Flavonoid biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.023972731 |
| Vitamin_A | Germination | ANOVA | 0.029007085 |
| Vitamin_A | Chaperones and folding catalysts | ANOVA | 0.031168211 |
| Total/lipid/bin | Secondary bile acid biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.029181829 |
| Total/lipid/bin | Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides | ANOVA | 0.043392615 |
| Sodium | Peptidases | ANOVA | 0.014721635 |
| Sodium | Benzoate degradation | ANOVA | 0.019865137 |
| Sodium | Limonene and pinene degradation | ANOVA | 0.031164989 |
| Sodium | Butanoate metabolism | ANOVA | 0.032537666 |
| Sodium | Nucleotide excision repair | ANOVA | 0.033766923 |
| Sodium | Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis |
ANOVA | 0.036768304 |
| Sodium | Peroxisome | ANOVA | 0.037176174 |
| Sodium | Ethylbenzene degradation | ANOVA | 0.039923012 |
| Sodium | Naphthalene degradation | ANOVA | 0.040749468 |
| Sodium | Restriction enzyme | ANOVA | 0.043486893 |
| Sodium | Tyrosine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.047200716 |
| Iron_bin | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | ANOVA | 0.021668245 |
| Iron_bin | Protein kinases | ANOVA | 0.022263474 |
| Iron_bin | Translation proteins | ANOVA | 0.024669694 |
| Iron_bin | Pyruvate metabolism | ANOVA | 0.032434551 |
| Iron_bin | Thiamine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.038685974 |
| Iron_bin | D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism | ANOVA | 0.041514757 |
| Iron_bin | One carbon pool by folate | ANOVA | 0.042928705 |
| Fiber_bin | Other glycan degradation | ANOVA | 0.014660951 |
| Fiber_bin | N-Glycan biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.042139092 |
| Fiber_bin | Proteasome | ANOVA | 0.047590993 |
| Fiber_bin | Prostate cancer | ANOVA | 0.048468144 |
| Fiber_bin | Antigen processing and presentation |
ANOVA | 0.048618504 |
| Fiber_bin | Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | ANOVA | 0.048618504 |
| Fiber_bin | Other transporters | ANOVA | 0.049130295 |
| Fermented | Transcription factors | Welch’s T-test | 0.009468352 |
| Fermented | Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism | Welch’s T-test | 0.011059743 |
| Fermented | Cytoskeleton proteins | Welch’s T-test | 0.011669915 |
| Fermented | Amoebiasis | Welch’s T-test | 0.012857954 |
| Fermented | Oxidative phosphorylation | Welch’s T-test | 0.013841012 |
| Fermented | Transporters | Welch’s T-test | 0.015647729 |
| Fermented | Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum | Welch’s T-test | 0.017210951 |
| Fermented | Riboflavin metabolism | Welch’s T-test | 0.017938599 |
| Fermented | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | Welch’s T-test | 0.020976432 |
| Fermented | PPAR signaling pathway | Welch’s T-test | 0.021710104 |
| Fermented | Peroxisome | Welch’s T-test | 0.02186366 |
| Fermented | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | Welch’s T-test | 0.021867149 |
| Fermented | Toluene degradation | Welch’s T-test | 0.022788506 |
| Fermented | Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes | Welch’s T-test | 0.024411154 |
| Fermented | alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | Welch’s T-test | 0.026939926 |
| Fermented | Methane metabolism | Welch’s T-test | 0.030552388 |
| Fermented | Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies | Welch’s T-test | 0.031611873 |
| Fermented | RNA degradation | Welch’s T-test | 0.032553878 |
| Fermented | Dioxin degradation | Welch’s T-test | 0.036756638 |
| Fermented | Adipocytokine signaling pathway | Welch’s T-test | 0.04018659 |
| Fermented | Benzoate degradation | Welch’s T-test | 0.040925365 |
| Fermented | Chlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzene degradation |
Welch’s T-test | 0.04187257 |
| Fermented | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | Welch’s T-test | 0.049217654 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Other glycan degradation | ANOVA | 0.002774493 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | N-Glycan biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.009783852 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Proteasome | ANOVA | 0.012010853 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Prostate cancer | ANOVA | 0.014268966 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Antigen processing and presentation | ANOVA | 0.014432811 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | ANOVA | 0.014432811 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | ANOVA | 0.019075184 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation | ANOVA | 0.02167892 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.022063389 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Sphingolipid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.028794158 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Other transporters | ANOVA | 0.033398699 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Primary bile acid biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.033705405 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.034295974 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis | ANOVA | 0.041601128 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | ANOVA | 0.045157824 |
| Fatty_acids_bin | Purine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.048100832 |
| Energy_bin | Nucleotide excision repair | ANOVA | 0.002532996 |
| Energy_bin | Chromosome | ANOVA | 0.003249937 |
| Energy_bin | Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis |
ANOVA | 0.00500867 |
| Energy_bin | Mismatch repair | ANOVA | 0.006531889 |
| Energy_bin | Photosynthesis proteins | ANOVA | 0.00816459 |
| Energy_bin | Photosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.009638124 |
| Energy_bin | Restriction enzyme | ANOVA | 0.009805668 |
| Energy_bin | Carbohydrate metabolism | ANOVA | 0.009966615 |
| Energy_bin | Limonene and pinene degradation | ANOVA | 0.010243464 |
| Energy_bin | DNA replication proteins | ANOVA | 0.010451223 |
| Energy_bin | Lipoic acid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.010843214 |
| Energy_bin | Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis |
ANOVA | 0.011059994 |
| Energy_bin | Peptidases | ANOVA | 0.01407109 |
| Energy_bin | DNA repair and recombination proteins | ANOVA | 0.015827001 |
| Energy_bin | Type II diabetes mellitus | ANOVA | 0.016276453 |
| Energy_bin | alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.018912274 |
| Energy_bin | Butanoate metabolism | ANOVA | 0.020566276 |
| Energy_bin | Homologous recombination | ANOVA | 0.025440256 |
| Energy_bin | Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.025662772 |
| Energy_bin | Protein export | ANOVA | 0.025889019 |
| Energy_bin | DNA replication | ANOVA | 0.026934029 |
| Energy_bin | Primary immunodeficiency | ANOVA | 0.027524778 |
| Energy_bin | Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis— lacto and neolacto series |
ANOVA | 0.027782212 |
| Energy_bin | Indole alkaloid biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.028725346 |
| Energy_bin | Amoebiasis | ANOVA | 0.028866801 |
| Energy_bin | Benzoate degradation | ANOVA | 0.029913338 |
| Energy_bin | D-Alanine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.029961727 |
| Energy_bin | C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.030293739 |
| Energy_bin | Peptidoglycan biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.031023499 |
| Energy_bin | Glycerolipid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.032020201 |
| Energy_bin | Bisphenol degradation | ANOVA | 0.032129248 |
| Energy_bin | Betalain biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.032513208 |
| Energy_bin | Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides | ANOVA | 0.033939326 |
| Energy_bin | Melanogenesis | ANOVA | 0.035235651 |
| Energy_bin | Amino acid metabolism | ANOVA | 0.037736626 |
| Energy_bin | Ribosome Biogenesis | ANOVA | 0.039545196 |
| Energy_bin | Peroxisome | ANOVA | 0.040442991 |
| Energy_bin | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.041078867 |
| Energy_bin | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | ANOVA | 0.042902641 |
| Energy_bin | Phosphotransferase system (PTS) | ANOVA | 0.043431781 |
| Energy_bin | Arginine and proline metabolism | ANOVA | 0.043807314 |
| Energy_bin | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | ANOVA | 0.044386803 |
| Energy_bin | Riboflavin metabolism | ANOVA | 0.044908782 |
| Energy_bin | Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins |
ANOVA | 0.04499208 |
| Energy_bin | Systemic lupus erythematosus | ANOVA | 0.045791434 |
| Energy_bin | Biosynthesis of type II polyketide products | ANOVA | 0.047100884 |
| DietType | Other glycan degradation | ANOVA | 0.007486572 |
| DietType | N-Glycan biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.03160732 |
| DietType | Proteasome | ANOVA | 0.034750295 |
| DietType | Prostate cancer | ANOVA | 0.03926696 |
| DietType | Antigen processing and presentation | ANOVA | 0.039372465 |
| DietType | Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | ANOVA | 0.039372465 |
| Cooked | mRNA surveillance pathway | Welch’s T-test | 0.006445676 |
| Cooked | Cell cycle | Welch’s T-test | 0.009317081 |
| Cooked | Hepatitis C | Welch’s T-test | 0.009317081 |
| Cooked | Measles | Welch’s T-test | 0.009317081 |
| Cooked | mTOR signaling pathway | Welch’s T-test | 0.009317081 |
| Cooked | Phagosome | Welch’s T-test | 0.009317081 |
| Cooked | Transcription machinery | Welch’s T-test | 0.021347218 |
| Cooked | Various types of N-glycan biosynthesis |
Welch’s T-test | 0.023199289 |
| Cooked | Sporulation | Welch’s T-test | 0.024693602 |
| Cooked | Vibrio cholerae infection | Welch’s T-test | 0.025037566 |
| Cooked | Cytoskeleton proteins | Welch’s T-test | 0.04573813 |
| Cooked | Cytochrome P450 | Welch’s T-test | 0.049095188 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Transcription machinery | ANOVA | 0.007389033 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Plant-pathogen interaction | ANOVA | 0.010583548 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Folate biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.012498951 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Tetracycline biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.034405715 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Other ion-coupled transporters | ANOVA | 0.036332221 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Proteasome | ANOVA | 0.039954688 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | ANOVA | 0.040216227 |
| Cholesterol_bin | General function prediction only | ANOVA | 0.042978367 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Prostate cancer | ANOVA | 0.044525651 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Antigen processing and presentation | ANOVA | 0.044753096 |
| Cholesterol_bin | Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | ANOVA | 0.044753096 |
| Cholesterol_bin | NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | ANOVA | 0.047390633 |