TABLE 3.
Prospective associations of key plasma phospholipid saturated and monounsaturated fats in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with incident diabetes (n = 3004)1
| Quintiles of plasma phospholipid fatty acids |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| 16:0 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 23.4 (19.5–24.0)2 | 24.4 (24.0–24.8) | 25.2 (24.8–25.5) | 26.0 (25.5–26.5) | 27.3 (26.5–32.4) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 47 (6548) | 64 (6371) | 53 (6127) | 67 (5913) | 66 (5803) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.07) | 1.31 (0.88, 1.95) | 1.84 (1.25, 2.69) | 1.88 (1.28, 2.76) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.35 (0.93, 1.98) | 1.23 (0.83, 1.83) | 1.69 (1.14, 2.49) | 1.89 (1.27, 2.83) | 0.001 |
| 18:0 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 12.1 (8.2–12.6) | 12.9 (12.6–13.2) | 13.4 (13.2–13.7) | 14.0 (13.7–14.4) | 14.9 (14.4–18.9) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 38 (5816) | 49 (5977) | 50 (6269) | 72 (6392) | 88 (6310) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.88) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.79) | 1.62 (1.09, 2.41) | 1.94 (1.31, 2.86) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.65) | 1.37 (0.91, 2.05) | 1.62 (1.09, 2.41) | 0.006 |
| 14:0 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 0.19 (0.08–0.22) | 0.24 (0.22–0.25) | 0.27 (0.25–0.29) | 0.31 (0.29–0.34) | 0.37 (0.34–1.6) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 56 (5995) | 64 (5929) | 64 (6272) | 63 (6204) | 50 (6363) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 (0.91, 1.89) | 1.27 (0.88, 1.83) | 1.32 (0.90, 1.92) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.97 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.90) | 1.18 (0.81, 1.71) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.70 |
| 16:1n–7 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 0.29 (0.11–0.33) | 0.38 (0.33–0.41) | 0.44 (0.41–0.49) | 0.54 (0.49–0.61) | 0.73 (0.61–1.9) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 53 (6439) | 54 (6239) | 66 (6075) | 67 (6176) | 57 (5834) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.68) | 1.43 (0.99, 2.08) | 1.56 (1.07, 2.28) | 1.38 (0.93, 2.05) | 0.09 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.61) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.07) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.19) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.92) | 0.24 |
| 16:1n–9 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 0.07 (0.04–0.07) | 0.08 (0.07–0.08) | 0.09 (0.08–0.09) | 0.10 (0.09–0.10) | 0.12 (0.10–0.78) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 71 (6712) | 61 (6009) | 68 (6584) | 50 (5632) | 47 (5826) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.37) | 1.03 (0.73, 1.44) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.26 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.37) | 1.00 (0.71, 1.40) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.33 |
| 18:1n–7 | ||||||
| Percentage of total fatty acids | 1.1 (0.79–1.1) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.3 (1.2–1.3) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.6 (1.5–2.4) | — |
| Cases, total person-years | 89 (6537) | 64 (6613) | 49 (6200) | 57 (5968) | 38 (5445) | — |
| Demographic adjusted3 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) | 0.59 (0.41, 0.83) | 0.68 (0.49, 0.95) | 0.52 (0.35, 0.76) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.90) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.01) | 0.56 (0.38, 0.83) | 0.005 |
18:1n–9 is not shown because it did not meet the proportional hazard assumption. P-trend values were computed by assigning the median concentration in each quintile to participants and evaluating this as a continuous variable.
Median; range in parentheses (all such values).
All values are HRs (95% CIs) from a Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and clinic.
All values are HRs (95% CIs) from a Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, race, education, clinic, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, prevalence of ischemic heart disease, hypertension at baseline, BMI, waist circumference, and consumption of carbohydrate (percentage of energy), protein (percentage of energy), and total energy. Additional adjustment for the consumption of whole-fat dairy foods, red meat, fruits, vegetables, coffee, fish, fiber, saturated fat (percentage of energy), and monounsaturated fat (percentage of energy) did not substantially alter results (data not shown). For dietary factors, we used the average of the measurements from 2 food-frequency questionnaires or used one measurement from one food-frequency questionnaire when the other was not available.