TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of 73,228 women in the NHS (1984), 92,158 women in the NHSII (1991), and 42,170 men in the HPFS (1986) according to intake of white rice and brown rice1
| White rice intake, servings/wk |
Brown rice intake, servings/wk |
|||||||
| <1 | 1 | 2–4 | ≥5 | <1 | 1 | 2–4 | ≥5 | |
| NHS | ||||||||
| n | 48,473 | 18,852 | 5246 | 657 | 67,158 | 4552 | 1313 | 205 |
| Age, y | 50.6 ± 7.2 | 49.3 ± 7.1 | 49.3 ± 7.1 | 50.2 ± 6.9 | 50.1 ± 7.2 | 50.3 ± 7.1 | 50.9 ± 7.2 | 51.6 ± 6.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 4.7 | 24.9 ± 4.7 | 24.8 ± 4.8 | 24.4 ± 4.7 | 25.0 ± 4.7 | 24.5 ± 4.4 | 24.2 ± 4.3 | 23.8 ± 3.9 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 13.9 ± 20.8 | 14.4 ± 21.4 | 15.1 ± 21.3 | 15.7 ± 26.4 | 13.6 ± 20.4 | 19.2 ± 25.7 | 21.8 ± 27.9 | 23.2 ± 32.2 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 6.6 ± 11.1 | 7.5 ± 11.3 | 8.1 ± 11.7 | 4.0 ± 8.2 | 6.8 ± 11.2 | 7.7 ± 11.2 | 6.6 ± 10.3 | 5.1 ± 8.5 |
| Current smoker, % | 24.6 | 23.9 | 21.3 | 16.3 | 24.6 | 20.0 | 15.8 | 11.2 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||||
| White | 98.8 | 98.1 | 93.6 | 50.7 | 97.8 | 98.0 | 96.5 | 90.7 |
| Asian | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 42.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 2.9 |
| African American | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
| Hispanic/other | 0.7 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.9 |
| Family history of MI, % | 39.1 | 38.6 | 37.6 | 30.6 | 38.9 | 39.0 | 35.7 | 37.1 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 37.3 | 36.0 | 37.4 | 37.3 | 36.0 | 46.0 | 52.5 | 48.8 |
| Past or current PMH use, % | 23.2 | 19.0 | 19.9 | 20.4 | 21.6 | 23.2 | 26.4 | 28.3 |
| Hypertension, % | 21.3 | 20.6 | 19.7 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 20.8 | 20.0 | 18.0 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 8.0 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 11.6 | 8.8 |
| Diabetes, % | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Current aspirin use, % | 66.3 | 68.7 | 67.4 | 55.9 | 67.3 | 64.7 | 58.5 | 50.2 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1668 ± 514 | 1854 ± 520 | 2025 ± 538 | 1986 ± 601 | 1733 ± 528 | 1837 ± 530 | 1949 ± 544 | 2001 ± 601 |
| Glycemic load | 98.6 ± 20.4 | 99.2 ± 17.6 | 102.0 ± 17.8 | 113.7 ± 21.2 | 98.8 ± 19.6 | 101.1 ± 18.6 | 106.9 ± 19.6 | 119.8 ± 24.2 |
| White rice intake, servings/d | — | — | — | — | 0.11 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0.11 | 0.11 ± 0.17 | 0.11 ± 0.25 |
| Brown rice intake, servings/d | 0.03 ± 0.10 | 0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.15 | — | — | — | — |
| Whole-grain intake,2 g/d | 13.1 ± 12.7 | 12.2 ± 11.8 | 12.2 ± 12.5 | 9.3 ± 10.9 | 12.4 ± 12.1 | 15.6 ± 13.6 | 19.6 ± 16.0 | 25.1 ± 24.9 |
| Modified aHEI score | 45.6 ± 10.6 | 45.8 ± 9.6 | 47.1 ± 9.7 | 49.6 ± 10.1 | 45.2 ± 10.0 | 51.6 ± 10.2 | 55.3 ± 10.2 | 60.0 ± 10.8 |
| NHSII | ||||||||
| n | 51,041 | 27,100 | 12,002 | 2015 | 75,473 | 11,711 | 4327 | 647 |
| Age, y | 35.9 ± 4.7 | 36.3 ± 4.6 | 36.4 ± 4.6 | 36.3 ± 4.6 | 36.1 ± 4.7 | 36.0 ± 4.6 | 36.3 ± 4.5 | 36.6 ± 4.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 5.4 | 24.6 ± 5.3 | 24.7 ± 5.3 | 24.1 ± 5.0 | 24.7 ± 5.4 | 24.1 ± 5.0 | 24.0 ± 4.9 | 24.1 ± 5.1 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 20.7 ± 27.6 | 20.5 ± 25.6 | 22.0 ± 28.3 | 21.2 ± 31.2 | 19.4 ± 25.6 | 26.0 ± 32.4 | 28.9 ± 31.4 | 38.4 ± 46.0 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 2.9 ± 6.0 | 3.3 ± 6.1 | 3.5 ± 6.3 | 2.3 ± 6.0 | 3.0 ± 6.0 | 3.7 ± 6.6 | 3.8 ± 6.2 | 3.1 ± 6.0 |
| Current smoker, % | 12.7 | 12.0 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 12.6 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 9.3 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||||
| White | 97.5 | 96.6 | 92.1 | 54.2 | 95.4 | 97.1 | 96.1 | 88.7 |
| Asian | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 37.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 4.3 |
| African American | 0.9 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.8 |
| Hispanic/other | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.2 |
| Family history of MI, % | 32.1 | 32.8 | 32.4 | 29.8 | 32.5 | 31.2 | 32.0 | 29.8 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 44.0 | 43.2 | 44.6 | 44.2 | 42.5 | 49.2 | 51.1 | 53.0 |
| Past or current PMH use, % | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.7 |
| Current OC use, % | 11.3 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 8.7 | 7.9 |
| Hypertension, % | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 3.9 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 14.6 | 14.2 | 14.9 | 16.9 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 15.3 |
| Diabetes, % | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| Current aspirin use, % | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.6 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1692 ± 531 | 1854 ± 529 | 2010 ± 546 | 2094 ± 600 | 1758 ± 543 | 1891 ± 536 | 2013 ± 548 | 2203 ± 583 |
| Glycemic load | 120.3 ± 22.4 | 120.6 ± 19.8 | 125.0 ± 19.9 | 136.4 ± 24.6 | 120.5 ± 21.6 | 122.9 ± 20.2 | 129.1 ± 21.1 | 140.9 ± 24.0 |
| White rice intake, servings/d | — | — | — | — | 0.15 ± 0.23 | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.24 ± 0.35 |
| Brown rice intake, servings/d | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | 0.07 ± 0.14 | 0.08 ± 0.22 | — | — | — | — |
| Whole-grain intake,2 g/d | 17.2 ± 12.9 | 16.9 ± 12.2 | 17.2 ± 13.9 | 13.4 ± 12.6 | 16.3 ± 12.3 | 19.5 ± 13.8 | 22.1 ± 15.5 | 26.5 ± 19.3 |
| Modified aHEI score | 45.1 ± 10.4 | 46.1 ± 9.8 | 47.6 ± 9.8 | 49.3 ± 9.8 | 44.7 ± 9.9 | 49.7 ± 9.9 | 53.2 ± 10.0 | 56.4 ± 10.5 |
| HPFS | ||||||||
| n | 26,391 | 10,521 | 4400 | 858 | 34,257 | 5603 | 1970 | 340 |
| Age, y | 53.9 ± 9.6 | 51.4 ± 9.1 | 51.5 ± 9.2 | 51.4 ± 8.9 | 53.4 ± 9.5 | 51.1 ± 9.1 | 51.7 ± 9.4 | 52.0 ± 8.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 5.0 | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 24.8 ± 5.1 | 24.3 ± 4.5 | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 24.8 ± 4.9 | 24.5 ± 5.2 | 24.0 ± 4.2 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 20.9 ± 29.1 | 21.9 ± 29.5 | 21.8 ± 31.2 | 21.0 ± 28.9 | 20.1 ± 28.5 | 25.2 ± 32.0 | 27.7 ± 32.9 | 34.1 ± 39.7 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 11.4 ± 15.7 | 11.6 ± 15.3 | 11.5 ± 14.9 | 8.5 ± 13.4 | 11.4 ± 15.6 | 11.6 ± 15.5 | 11.0 ± 14.1 | 8.2 ± 11.5 |
| Current smoker, % | 10.3 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 10.3 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 7.4 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||||
| White | 96.8 | 96.1 | 90.9 | 48.0 | 95.0 | 96.2 | 94.2 | 84.1 |
| Asian | 0.3 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 46.7 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 11.8 |
| African American | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 |
| Hispanic/other | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
| Family history of MI, % | 32.3 | 31.5 | 31.1 | 26.0 | 32.0 | 31.5 | 30.7 | 35.9 |
| Multivitamin use | 42.5 | 40.0 | 40.4 | 43.4 | 40.5 | 45.0 | 50.7 | 51.8 |
| Hypertension, % | 20.5 | 18.0 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 20.5 | 17.3 | 17.1 | 17.4 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 10.2 | 10.4 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 12.8 | 15.0 |
| Diabetes, % | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
| Current aspirin use, % | 27.0 | 26.6 | 25.9 | 19.0 | 26.8 | 25.9 | 25.2 | 21.2 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1911 ± 597 | 2097 ± 615 | 2243 ± 647 | 2189 ± 711 | 1963 ± 613 | 2115 ± 618 | 2214 ± 646 | 2327 ± 727 |
| Glycemic load | 122.0 ± 26.5 | 125.0 ± 23.5 | 129.9 ± 24.1 | 142.8 ± 28.1 | 122.4 ± 25.6 | 127.8 ± 24.8 | 135.3 ± 26.2 | 153.1 ± 29.4 |
| White rice intake, servings/d | — | — | — | — | 0.12 ± 0.22 | 0.13 ± 0.14 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.24 ± 0.41 |
| Brown rice intake, servings/d | 0.06 ± 0.14 | 0.07 ± 0.11 | 0.09 ± 0.16 | 0.08 ± 0.24 | — | — | — | — |
| Whole-grain intake,2 g/d | 18.3 ± 17.4 | 17.6 ± 16.4 | 17.4 ± 18.0 | 14.0 ± 16.3 | 17.2 ± 16.4 | 20.2 ± 19.0 | 22.9 ± 20.6 | 29.5 ± 30.2 |
| Modified aHEI score | 49.7 ± 11.0 | 50.6 ± 10.5 | 51.2 ± 10.5 | 50.4 ± 10.2 | 49.1 ± 10.7 | 53.3 ± 10.2 | 56.2 ± 10.3 | 59.4 ± 9.6 |
1
Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. aHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MET-h, metabolic equivalent task-hours; MI, myocardial infarction; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; OC, oral contraceptive; PMH, postmenopausal hormone.
2
Whole-grain intake was assessed from other than brown rice.