TABLE 2.
Prospective associations of rice consumption with cardiovascular disease among adults in the NHS, NHSII, and HPFS1
| Rice intake, servings/wk |
||||||
| <1 | 1 | 2–4 | ≥5 | Every 3 servings/wk | P-trend | |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| White rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 125,905 | 56,473 | 21,648 | 3530 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 6175/1,979,490 | 3735/1,434,839 | 2261/878,523 | 220/100,278 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.98) | 0.01 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.78 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.69 |
| Brown rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 176,888 | 21,866 | 7610 | 1192 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 10,159/3,483,943 | 1436/582,370 | 727/296,734 | 69/30,083 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.10 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.32 |
| Total rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 88,619 | 61,433 | 41,849 | 15,655 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 4104/1,222,338 | 3924/1,401,634 | 3738/1,467,592 | 625/301,565 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.91) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.87) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.06 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.86 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||||
| White rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 125,905 | 56,473 | 21,648 | 3530 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 3848/1,979,490 | 2328/1,434,839 | 1417/878,523 | 126/100,278 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.01 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.61 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.87 |
| Brown rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 176,888 | 21,866 | 7610 | 1192 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 6328/3,483,943 | 899/582,370 | 457/296,734 | 35/30,083 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.82) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.92) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.01 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 0.95 |
| Total rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 88,619 | 61,433 | 41,849 | 15,655 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 2547/1,222,338 | 2467/1,401,634 | 2309/1,467,592 | 396/301,565 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.85) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.90) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.03 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.81 |
| Stroke | ||||||
| White rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 125,905 | 56,473 | 21,648 | 3530 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 2327/1,979,490 | 1407/1,434,839 | 844/878,523 | 94/100,278 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.31 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.85 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.67 |
| Brown rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 176,888 | 21,866 | 7610 | 1192 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 3831/3,483,943 | 537/582,370 | 270/296,734 | 34/30,083 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 1.14 (0.81, 1.59) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.20 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.80) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.58 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.39 (0.99, 1.96) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 0.12 |
| Total rice | ||||||
| No. at risk | 88,619 | 61,433 | 41,849 | 15,655 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 1557/1,222,338 | 1457/1,401,634 | 1429/1,467,592 | 229/301,565 | ||
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.01 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.83 |
| Model 34 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.55 |
HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II.
HRs (95% CIs) in model 1 were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression stratifying jointly by age (y), sex (male or female), and cohorts (NHS, NHSII, or HPFS).
HRs (95% CIs) in model 2 were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression further adjusting for ethnicity (white, Asian, African American, and Hispanic/other), BMI (in kg/m2; <23.0, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0), smoking status [never smoked, past smoker, or currently smoke (1–14 or ≥15 cigarettes/d)], alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, or ≥30.0 g/d), physical activity (<3.0, 3.0–8.9, 9.0–17.9, 18.0–26.9, or ≥27.0 metabolic equivalent tasks × hours/wk), family history of myocardial infarction (yes or no), menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use [premenopause, postmenopause (never, past, or current hormone use), for women], oral contraceptive use (never, past, or current use, for NHSII only), multivitamin use (yes or no), current aspirin use (yes or no), prevalent hypertension (yes or no), prevalent hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), prevalent diabetes (yes or no), and total energy intake (kcal/d).
HRs (95% CIs) in model 3 were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression further adjusting for modified alternate Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles) as a summary measure of diet quality.