Table 2.
Diseases associated with altered TJ protein expression and Intestinal epithelial barrier function.
| Disease State | TJ proteins | Inflammatory cell/Cytokine | Proposed Mechanism | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Allergy | Not defined | Mast cells | Mast cell-mediated degradation of TJ proteins | 206 and 207 |
| IBD | ↓ Claudin-3, -4, -5 and -8 ↑ Claudin-2 |
CD4+ T-cells IL-10, IFNγ and TNFα and MLCK |
IFNγ and TNFα-mediated activation of MLCK leading to TJ disruption and dysregulation of claudin and occludin expression. | 97, 98, 108, 219, 227 and 228 |
| Celiac Disease | Occludin and ZO-1 | Zonulin | Gliadin-induced Zonulin secretion by intestinal epithelial cells. Zonulin-induced downregulation of occludin/ZO-1. |
235 and 236 |
| Diabetes | Not defined | Zonulin | Increased zonulin secretion | 246 and 247 |
| Stress | Occludin and ZO-1 | Mast cells and corticotrophin-releasing hormone | Destabilization and redistribution of occludin/ZO-1 | 250–254 |