Table 1.

Uniparental genes in sexual plant reproduction.

	Genes	Epigenetic mark	Ecotype/inbred line for detection	Period of detection	Mutant/RNAi phenotype	Reference
Endosperm
Arabidopsis	MEA (MEG)1,2	H3K27me3 DNA-me	Ler&RLD	6,7,8 DAP	Seed abortion	Kinoshita et al. (1999), Vielle-Calzada et al. (1999)
	FWA (MEG)	DNA-me	Col-0, Ler, WS	6,7,8 DAP	—	Kinoshita et al. (2004),
						Jullien et al. (2006)
	FIS2 (MEG)1	DNA-me	C24&Col	0.5-5 DAP	Seed abortion	Jullien et al. (2006, 2008),
						Luo et al. (2000)
	MPC (MEG)1	DNA-me	Col&Ler	3,5,7 DAP	Abnormal seed	Tiwari et al. (2008)
	PHE1 (PEG)1,2	H3K27me3	Col&C24	1–4 DAP	—	Köhler et al. (2003, 2005),
		DNA-me				Makarevich et al. (2008)
	FH5 (MEG)1,2	H3K27me3	Ler&C24	5 DAP	Endosperm defects	Ingouff et al. (2005), Fitz Gerald et al. (2009)
	AGL36 (MEG)1	H3K27me3 DNA-me	Col&Ler	3 DAP	—	Shirzadi et al. (2011), Wuest et al. (2010)
	3 MEGs&2 PEGs	DNA-me	Col-gl&Ler	Torpedo-stage	—	Gehring et al. (2009)
	116 MEGs&10 PEGs	—	Col&Ler	7–8 DAP	—	Hsieh et al. (2011)
	165 MEGs&43 PEGs	—	Col-0&Ler	6 or 7 DAP	—	Gehring et al. (2011)
	39 MEGs&27 PEGs	—	Col-0&Bur-0	4DAP	—	Wolff et al. (2011)
Maize	Fie1 (MEG)2	DNA-me,	B73&Mo17;	2-15 DAP	—	Danilevskaya et al. (2003),
		H3K27me3,	SSS1&NSS1			Gutiérrez-Marcos et al. (2006),
		H3/H4-Ac				Hermon et al. (2007)
	Fie2 (MEG)	DNA-me	B73&Mo17	2,5 DAP	—	Danilevskaya et al. (2003),
						Gutiérrez-Marcos et al. (2006),
						Hermon et al. (2007),
	Nrp1 (MEG)2	DNA-me,	B73&Mo17;	10,14,21 DAP	—	Guo et al. (2003),
		H3K27me3,	SSS1&NSS1			Haun and Springer (2008)
		H3/H4-Ac
	Peg1 (PEG)	—	W22&Tx303	12 DAP	—	Gutiérrez-Marcos et al. (2003)
	Meg1 (MEG)1,2	DNA-me	F2, A69Y, W23	4 DAP	Reduced-size seeds	Gutiérrez-Marcos et al. (2004), Costa et al. (2012)
	Mez1 (MEG)	DNA-me,	B73&Mo17	8-27 DAP	—	Haun et al. (2007)
		H3K27me3,				Haun and Springer (2008)
		H3/H4-Ac
	Mee1 (MEG)	DNA-me	UH005&UH301	6 DAP	—	Jahnke and Scholten (2009)
	α-Tubulin (MEG)	DNA-me	W64A&A69Y	20 DAP	—	Lund et al. (1995b)
	Zein (MEG)	DNA-me	W64A&A69Y	19 DAP	—	Lund et al. (1995a)
	R gene (MEG)	—	—	—	—	Kermicle (1970), Ludwig et al. (1989)
	Dzr-1 (MEG)	—	BSSS53&Mo17	15-27 DAP	—	Chaudhuri and Messing (1994)
	54 MEGs&46 PEGs	—	B73&Mo17	14 DAP	—	Waters et al. (2011)
	93 MNCs&124 PNCs3	—	B73&Mo17	10DAP	—	Zhang et al. (2011)
Rice	177 MEGs&85 PEGs	—	Nip&93-11	5 DAF	—	Luo et al. (2011)
Embryo
Arabidopsis	11 MEGs&1 PEGs1,2	H3K27me34	Col-0&Ler	2.5,4 DAP	—	Raissig et al. (2013)
Maize	Mee1 (MEG)2	DNA-me	UH005&UH301	3,6,8 DAP	—	Jahnke and Scholten (2009)
	Gamete-carried transcripts		Origin of transcripts		Defective in embryogenesis	Reference
Zygote
Arabidopsis	SSP		Sperm-specific		Abnormal division of zygote	Bayer et al. (2009)
Rice	Os07g0182900		Sperm-specific		Abnormal division of zygote	Ohnishi et al. (2014)
Tobacco	Ntsp0002&Ntsp0003		Sperm-specific		—	Xin et al. (2011)

The table lists the known information of imprinted and potentially imprinted genes discovered in plants to date. Phenotypes in seed development are also displayed. These data are partially adapted from Raissig et al. (2011). —: not shown or not known.

¹Reporter activity of parent-of-origin–expression was identified (part of imprinted genes in Arabidopsis embryo).

²De novo transcription was identified (part of imprinted genes in Arabidopsis embryo).

³MNCs, maternal expressed transcripts; PNCs, paternal expressed transcripts. MNCs and PNCs include protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs.

⁴Epigenetic marks of a part of imprinted genes in Arabidopsis embryo.