TABLE 3.

LLLT preconditioning and exercise: clinical studies in humans (adapted from Ferraresi et al 2012).

Ref	Light source/Wavelength	Spot area (cm2)	Performance characteristics	Muscle(s)	Exercise
de Almeida et al, 2012	Laser 660nm versus 830nm	0.0028	- 50 mW; 17.85 W/cm2 - 5 J (100 s); 1.785 J/cm2 - 4 application points: total energy 20 J	Biceps brachii	MVC per 60 s in Scott bench
Gorgey et al, 2008	Cluster with 4 diodes laser 808 nm		- 500 mW; 8.3mW/cm2 - 3 J (5 min); 7J (10 min)	Femoral quadriceps	Isokinetic dynamometer
Leal Junior et al, 2008	Laser 655 nm	0.01	- 50 mW; 5 W/cm2 - 5 J per diode (100 s); 500 J/cm2 - 4 application points: total energy 20 J	Biceps brachii	Scott bench
Leal Junior et al, 2009e	Laser 830 nm	0.0028	- 100 mW; 35.7 W/cm2 - 5 J (50 s); 1.785 J/cm2 - 4 application points: total energy 20 J	Biceps brachii	Scott bench
Leal Junior et al, 2010b	Cluster with 5 diodes laser 810 nm	0.0364	- 200 mW; 5.495 W/cm2 - 6 J per diode (30 s); 164.85 J/cm2 - 30 J per application point (5 × 6 J) - 2 application points: total energy 60 J	Biceps brachii	Scott bench
Baroni et al, 2010a	Cluster with 5 diodes laser 810 nm	0.029	- 200 mW; 6.89 W/cm2 - 6 J per diode (30 s); 206.89 J/cm2 - 30 J per application point (5 × 6 J) - 6 application points: total energy 180 J (2 points on vastus medialis, 2 points on vastus lateralis, 2 points on rectus femoris)	Femoral quadriceps	Isokinetic dynamometer
De Marchi et al, 2012	Cluster with 5 laser diodes 810 nm	0.0364	- 200 mW; 5.495 W/cm2 - 6 J per diode (30 s); 164.85 J/cm2 - 30 J per application point (5 × 6 J) - 12 application points: total energy 360 J (2 points on rectus femoris, 2 points on vastus medialis, 2 points on vastus lateralis, 4 points on hamstrings, 2 points on gastrocnemius)	Femoral quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius	Running on treadmill until exhaustion
Leal Junior et al, 2009a	Laser 810 nm versus Cluster with 69 LEDs 660/850 nm	0.036 versus 0.2	- 200 mW; 5.50 W/cm2 - 6 J per diode (30 s); 164.84 J/cm2 - 2 application points: total energy 12 J versus - 34 LEDs 660nm; 10 mW; 1.5 J/cm2; 0.05 W/cm2 - 35 LEDs 850 nm; 30 mW; 0.015 W/cm2; 4.5 J/cm2 - 0.3 J LED 660nm (30 s) - 0.9 J LED 850nm (30 s) - 41.7 J per application point (30 s) - 2 application points: total energy 83.4 J	Rectus femoris	Wingate test
Leal Junior et al, 2009d	Cluster with 69 LEDs 660/850 nm	0.2	- 34 LEDs 660nm; 10 mW; 1.5 J/cm2 ; 0.05 W/cm2 - 35 LEDs 850 nm; 30 mW; 0.015 W/cm2; 4.5 J/cm2 - 0.3 J LED 660nm (30 s) - 0.9 J LED 850nm (30 s) - 41.7 J per application point (30 s) - 1 application point	Biceps brachii	Scott bench
Baroni et al, 2010b	Cluster with 69 LEDs 660/850 nm	0.2 cm2	- 34 LEDs 660nm; 10 mW; 1.5 J/cm2 ; 0.05 W/cm2 - 35 LEDs 850 nm; 30 mW; 0.015 W/cm2; 4.5 J/cm2 - 0.3 J LED 660nm (30 s) - 0.9 J LED 850nm (30 s) - 41.7 J per application point (30 s) - 3 application points: total energy 125.1 J (2 points on rectus femoris, 2 points on vastus medialis, 2 points on vastus lateralis)	Femoral quadriceps	Isokinetic dynamometer