Table 1. Characteristics of various risk factors of the subjects by estimated glomerular filtration ratio.
| CKD group (mL/min/1.73 m2) | Stages 1+2 | Stage 3a | Stage 3b | Stage 4 | |
| eGFR by CKD-EPI equation | ≥60.0 | 59.9–45.0 | 44.9–30.0 | 30.0> | P for trend* |
| Characteristic N = 1,050 | N = 554 | N = 228 | N = 154 | N = 114 | |
| Gender male, (%) | 41.0 | 41.2 | 36.4 | 31.6 | 0.220 |
| Age (years) | 79±8 | 82±8 | 85±7 | 84±8 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index† (kg/m2) | 21.1±3.7 | 21.9±4.0 | 21.6±4.1 | 21.6±4.4 | 0.060 |
| Smoking status‡ (%) | 75.1/3.6/9.2/12.1 | 80.7/2.2/7.0/10.1 | 78.6/1.3/7.8/12.3 | 80.7/2.6/5.3/11.4 | 0.676 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137±25 | 138±24 | 134±25 | 131±31 | 0.087 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76±14 | 77±14 | 73±15 | 69±14 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 48.0 | 57.0 | 68.2 | 67.5 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73 (57–102) | 81 (62–109) | 82 (64–116) | 101 (68–139) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56±17 | 56±17 | 53±18 | 51±19 | 0.013 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106±38 | 105±34 | 99±36 | 98±36 | 0.048 |
| Antidyslipidemic medication (%) | 7.9 | 10.1 | 5.2 | 9.6 | 0.348 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 115 (99–147) | 119 (98–145) | 122 (100–157) | 126 (104–148) | 0.217 |
| Antidiabetic medication (%) | 19.9 | 17.1 | 18.2 | 31.6 | 0.012 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.6±1.5 | 5.5±1.5 | 6.6±1.9 | 8.0±2.5 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.67±0.14 | 0.93±0.14 | 1.20±0.20 | 2.47±1.34 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 38.3 | 45.2 | 52.6 | 56.1 | <0.001 |
Data are means ± standard deviation. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. †Body mass index was calculated using weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. ‡Smoking status: daily consumption (pack) × duration of smoking (year) {never, light (<20 pack year), moderate (20–39 pack year), heavy (≥40 pack year)}. Data for triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, and serum bilirubin were skewed and are presented as median (interquartile range) values which were then log-transformed for analysis. *1-way ANOVA test was used for the continuous data and χ2 test for the categorical data.