Table 2.
Factors/Receptors Implicated in Perineural Cancer Growth
FACTOR | PRIMARY RECEPTOR | OTHER RECEPTORS | IMPLICATED CANCER(S) | REFERENCE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | TrkB | Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) | ACC, pancreatic, gastric, SCC | [49-52, 62] |
Nerve growth factor (NGF) | TrkA | NGFR | Pancreatic, breast prostate, SCC, ACC, lung, breast, esophageal | [42, 56-58, 106, 107] |
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) | TrkC | TrkA, TrkB, NGFR | Pancreatic | [62] |
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) | TrkB | NGFR | Pancreatic | [50] |
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, including neurturin, artemin, and persephin | GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3, GFRα4, RET | Pancreatic, bile duct carcinoma | [12, 64, 66, 68-74, 108] | |
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) | NCAM | Pancreatic, basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous SCC, ACC | [12, 61, 79, 109] | |
Substance P (SP) | Tachykinin receptor l (TACR/NK-1R) | Pancreatic | [45] | |
Chemokines | Head and neck, pancreatic, prostate, breast, and more | [12, 93, 97, 101, 102] |
ACC: salivary gland adenocystic carcinoma SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma