Table 2.

Examination of advantages and disadvantages associated with AVICs derived from common model organisms.

Organism	How are its AVICs useful?	Why are they imperfect?	Who has used these AVICs?
Human	Most appropriate	Difficult to obtain	[31, 38, 41, 95, 102, 105, 106, 108, 113, 121, 135, 138]
Porcine	Similar anatomy to human; easy to obtain; swine spontaneously develop calcification precursors	More homogenous than human	[16, 17, 22, 42–44, 48, 51–53, 69–71, 73, 82, 86, 87, 89, 93, 98, 110, 114, 115]
Ovine	CNs develop more quickly than human	More difficult to obtain than porcine	[18, 55, 117, 139, 140]
Canine	CNs develop more quickly than human; pathology naturally occurs	Difficult to obtain; require ageing	[38]
Leporine	Many osteogenic markers upregulated; easy to obtain	Require high cholesterol diets over time