Table 2.

Overall and period-specific summary prevalences of H. pylori antibiotic resistance among adults in Latin America

Antibiotic	No. of studies	Summary prevalence of resistance (95% CI), %	PQ for heterogeneity	I2 for heterogeneity, %	PEgger’s for publication bias
Clarithromycin
Primary	35	12 (9–16)	< 0.001	89.7	0.11
Study period (P trend: 0.46a)
1988–1995	1	50	—	—
1996–2000	15	10 (6–15)	< 0.001	86.0
2001–2005	10	13 (5–23)	< 0.001	93.4
2006–2011	9	13 (8–20)	< 0.001	88.3
All studies	42	12 (9–16)	< 0.001	88.7	0.10
Study period (P trend: 0.47a)
1988–1995	1	50	—	—
1996–2000	19	11 (7–15)	< 0.001	85.1
2001–2005	12	12 (5–21)	< 0.001	92.8
2006–2011	10	14 (9–20)	< 0.001	86.8
Metronidazole
Primary	34	53 (46–60)	< 0.001	92.0	0.85
Study period (P trend: 0.22)
1988–1995	5	65 (57–72)	0.593	0
1996–2000	14	54 (44–63)	< 0.001	90.9
2001–2005	9	47 (30–64)	< 0.001	93.3
2006–2011	6	50 (29–71)	< 0.001	95.7
All studies	40	56 (49–63)	< 0.001	92.6	0.57
Study period (P trend: 0.15)
1988–1995	6	71 (57–83)	< 0.001	78.4
1996–2000	17	55 (47–63)	< 0.001	89.7
2001–2005	11	54 (39–70)	< 0.001	94.1
2006–2011	6	50 (29–71)	< 0.001	95.7
Amoxicillin
Primary	28	4 (2–8)	< 0.001	93.4	0.69
Study period (P trend: 0.78)
1988–1995	2	1 (0–3)	0.862	0
1996–2000	11	7 (1–17)	< 0.001	95.6
2001–2005	8	3 (1–8)	< 0.001	79.7
2006–2011	7	4 (0–9)	< 0.001	92.6
All studies	34	4 (2–8)	< 0.001	92.8	0.74
Study period (P trend: 0.35)
1988–1995	3	10 (2–51)	< 0.001	96.6
1996–2000	14	5 (1–12)	< 0.001	94.8
2001–2005	10	3 (1–6)	< 0.001	75.2
2006–2011	7	4 (0–9)	< 0.001	92.6
Tetracycline
Primary	20	6 (2–14)	< 0.001	96.4	0.13
Study period (P trend: 0.61)
1988–1995	2	1 (0–5)	0.855	0
1996–2000	7	5 (1–11)	< 0.001	84.9
2001–2005	6	13 (0–47)	< 0.001	98.8
2006–2011	5	5 (0–15)	< 0.001	92.6
All studies	24	7 (2–14)	< 0.001	96.6	0.10
Study period (P trend: 0.62)
1988–1995	3	18 (7–83)	< 0.001	97.9
1996–2000	8	4 (1–9)	< 0.001	83.7
2001–2005	8	8 (0–30)	< 0.001	98.3
2006–2011	5	5 (0–15)	< 0.001	92.6
Furazolidone
Primary	6	3 (0–9)	< 0.001	85.4	0.31
Study period (P trend: NA)
1988–1995	1	0	—	—
1996–2000	4	6 (1–14)	< 0.001	88.2
2006–2011	1	0	—	—
Levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin
Primary	5	15 (6–28)	< 0.001	91.8	0.94
Study period (P trend: NA)
2001–2005	1	4	—	—
2006–2011	4	19 (7–34)	< 0.001	91.6
All studies		15 (7–25)	< 0.001	88.6	0.93
Study period (P trend: 0.39)
1988–1995	1	7	—	—
2001–2005	2	12 (0–35)	0.002	89.2
2006–2011	4	19 (7–34)	< 0.001	91.6
Clarithromycin and Metronidazole
Primary	10	8 (5–12)	< 0.001	74.6	0.34
Study period (P trend: 0.35)
1996–2000	6	10 (5–16)	< 0.001	81.6
2001–2005	3	5 (3–9)	0.33	9.8
2006–2011	1	5	—	—
All studies	13	7 (4–10)	< 0.001	73.0	0.15
Study period (P trend: 0.39)
1996–2000	8	8 (4–13)	< 0.001	78.7
2001–2005	4	4 (2–7)	0.360	6.6
2006–2011	1	5	—	—

CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.

^aExcluding the period 1988–1995.