Table 4.
Major results of the studies with regard to the outcomes.
| ACCURACY | INTENSITY/ LATENCY TIME | BIAS | EEG | fMRI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Specific faces | Total | Specific faces | ||||
| Recognition Task | MT = C | Anger | Intensity | Intensity | Response Bias | ||
| (N = 9)* | (N = 2)8,13 | MT = C | MT < C | Anger | Anger | ||
| MT < C | (N = 2)1,8 | (N = 1)13 | MT < C (N = 3)8,9,14 | MT = C (N = 2)8,14 | |||
| (N = 5)1,2,3,4,6 | MT < C (N = 1)6 | Fear | MT > C (N = 1)6 | ||||
| Disgust | MT = C (N = 3)8,9,14 | Sadness | |||||
| MT = C (N = 1)1 | MT < C (N = 1)13 | MT = C (N = 2)8,14 | |||||
| MT < C (N = 1)6 | Sadness | MT > C (N = 1)6 | |||||
| Sadness | MT = C (N = 2)9,14 | ||||||
| MT = C | MT > C (N = 1)8 | ||||||
| (N = 2)1,8 | |||||||
| MT < C (N = 1)6 | |||||||
| Processing Task | MT = C | Anger | Latency time | Latency time | Attention Bias | Latency | Right amygdala: |
| (N = 8)* | (N = 3)5,7,10 | MT < C | MT = C | Anger: | Anger | MT = C(N = 4)5,7,10,11 | Anger Neutral: MT > C |
| MT < C | (N = 2)7,15 | (N = 4)7,10,15,16 | MT = C | MT = C (N = 1)16 | Amplitude | (N = 2)15,16 | |
| (N = 2)12,15 | Fear: | MT > C (N = 1)5 | (N = 6)5,7,10,12,15,16 | MT (physical): ↑MT severity | Anger | Happiness/Neutral: MT > | |
| MT = C | Fear | severity↑stimulus | MT = C (N = 4)5,10,11,17 | MT = C (N = 1)16 | |||
| (N = 2)7,15 | MT = C (N = 2)7,15 | avoidance (N = 1)12 | MT > C (N = 3)7,10,11 | Left amygdala: | |||
| Happiness | Happiness | MT (neglect): no | MT < C (N = 1)17 | Anger /Sadness: MT > C | |||
| MT = C (N = 1)7 | MT = C (N = 5)5,7,10,12,16 | correlation (N = 1)12 | Happiness | MT = C (N = 1)15 | |||
| Neutral | Neutral | Happiness | MT < C (N = 5)5,7,10,11,17 | Amygdala: | |||
| MT = C (N = 1)15 | MT = C | MT = C (N = 1)16 | MT > C (N = 1)17 | Anger: ↑activation ↑MT | |||
| (N = 5)5,10,12,15,16 | MT (physical, | MT < C (N = 1)17 | precocity (N = 1)16 | ||||
| neglect): | Left anterior insula: | ||||||
| no correlation | Anger/Sadness: MT > C | ||||||
| (N = 1)12 | (N = 1)15 | ||||||
| Neutral | Anger: ↑activation ↑MT | ||||||
| MT = C (N = 1)16 | severity (N = 1)15 | ||||||
| Bilateral anterior insula: | |||||||
| Anger /Neutral: MT > C | |||||||
| (N = 1)15 | |||||||
*Nonexclusive category; N, number of studies; superscript references based on Table 1; MT, maltreatment group; C, control group; EEG, electroencephalogram; fMRI, Functional magnetic resonance imaging.