Table 2.
Clinical factors | Advanced age (>65) Low peak bone mass (T-score) Hyperthyroidism/hyperparathyroidism Gastrointestinal, hematological and chronic liver disease COPD Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Hypogonadism (both testosterone and estradiol) |
Drugs | Glucocorticoids Anticonvulsivants Benzodiazepines Heparin Immunosuppressants |
Behavioral factors | Cigarettes smoke Alcohol Caffeine Sedentary lifestyle |
Nutritional factors | Low body weight (Low body fat) with BMI <19 Kg/m2 Low calcium/vitamin D intake Poor nutrition Total parenteral nutrition |
Genetic factors | Female gender White and Asian race Maternal fractures Vitamin D and IGF-1 receptor gene polymorphisms |