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. 2013 Mar 13;587(8):1180–1188. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.002

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FEBS Letters 587 (2013) 0014-5793 ©2015 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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figure image — Structural diversity within programmed ribosomal frameshifting elements. (A) Schematic diagram of −1 and +1 programmed frameshifting events. A translating ribosome encounters a slippery sequence upstream of a stable RNA structure. The post‐translocation position of the peptide‐linked tRNA (blue structure) is shown for normal translocation (middle) and −1 and +1 frameshifting events. Proposed secondary structures for (B) the −1 frameshift element for the mouse Edr gene [73], (C) the +1 frameshifting region of the human AZ1 gene [76, 79] (D) the gag‐pol frameshift in HIV‐1 [82], and (E) the replicase‐transcriptase frameshift of SARS‐CoV [84]. In each example, the “slippery sequence” (purple box) is located upstream of a stable structure (orange and red boxes).