Table 1. Anthropometrical characteristics and baseline examination and laboratory values, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and areas under the curve (AUCs), estimates of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion parameters and indexes in non-diabetic insulin-resistant (IR) and –sensitive (IS) subjects without acromegaly (NonACRO), without acromegaly and with similar body mass index ((NonACRO-sBMI), and acromegaly (ACRO).
| IR-NonACRO | IS-NonACRO | IR-NonACRO-sBMI | IS-NonACRO-sBMI | IR-ACRO | IS-ACRO | |
| n | 88 | 73 | 42 | 22 | 23 | 12 |
| Anthropometrical characteristics and baseline examination and lab values | ||||||
| Sex (% females) | 73% | 84% | 71% | 82% | 52% | 50% |
| Age (years) | 58±1 | 56±1 | 60±1 | 58±2 | 49±3 | 46±4 |
| Weight (kg) | 81±2 $ | 70±2 $ | 74±1 | 75±2 | 81±4 | 80±5 |
| Height (cm) | 167±1 | 168±1 | 167±1 | 168±2 | 173±2 | 174±3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29±1 $ | 25±0 $ | 27±0 | 27±0 | 27±1 | 26±1 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145±2 | 138±3 | 148±4 | 150±7 | 137±5 | 135±3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 87±1 * | 82±1 * | 87±2 | 87±3 | 86±3 | 84±3 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88±0.02 | 0.9±0.02 | 0.91±0.03 | 0.93±0.03 | 0.77±0.03 | 0.98±0.18 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 220±4 | 219±5 | 222±6 | 224±7 | 207±9 | 202±8 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58±2 # | 65±2 # | 60±2 | 63±3 | 54±3 | 55±4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 134±4 | 134±3 | 135±5 | 141±5 | 130±8 | 129±6 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 140±6 $ | 102±5 $ | 137±8 + | 105±7 + | 114±13 | 87±8 |
| TSH (µU/mL) | 2.0±0.1 | 2.3±0.3 | 2.1±0.2 | 2.9±1 | 1.2±0.2 | 1.7±0.4 |
| OGTT results and areas under the curve | ||||||
| Glucose 0 min (mg/dL) | 97±1 $ | 91±1 $ | 98±1 § | 92±2 § | 103±2 ÷ | 94±3 ÷ |
| Glucose 120 min (mg/dL) | 131±3 $ | 101±2 $ | 132±5 § | 106±5 § | 114±4 | 98±8 |
| Insulin 0 min (µU/mL) | 15.2±1 $ | 8.3±0.4 $ | 13.6±1.2 § | 7.8±0.6 § | 21.2±2.5 ÷ | 12.3±2.2 ÷ |
| Growth hormone 0 min (ng/mL) | 1.7±0.2 * | 2.7±0.4 * | 1.7±0.2 + | 2.7±0.5 + | 27.1±10 | 13.1±5.7 |
| Impaired fasting glucose (%) | 39% # | 16% # | 43% | 27% | 61% | 33% |
| Glucose intolerance (%) | 40.9% $ | 2.7% $ | 42.9% § | 4.5% § | 8.70% | 8.30% |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Total AUC of OGTT glucose (mg/dL x min) | 17437±327 $ | 12683±250 $ | 17131±505 € | 13258±541 € | 16778±610 | 14319±1254 |
| Total AUC of OGTT insulin (µU/mL x min) | 12728±613 $ | 5377±275 $ | 11742±668 € | 5335±461 € | 12651±935 £ | 6354±932 £ |
| Total AUC of OGTT C-peptide (ng/ml x min) | 1379±34 $ | 821±25 $ | 1344±52 € | 847±50 € | 1288±66 £ | 833±89 £ |
| Dynamic AUC of OGTT glucose (mg/dL x min) | 5749±301 $ | 1720±231 $ | 5320±473 € | 2251±507 € | 4465±461 | 2999±1110 |
| Dynamic AUC of OGTT insulin (µU/mL x min) | 10904±535 $ | 4386±249 $ | 10110±605 € | 4398±428 € | 10113±853 £ | 4876±826 £ |
| Dynamic AUC of OGTT C-peptide (ng/ml x min) | 992±27 $ | 591±20 $ | 983±45 € | 616±42 € | 888±58 ¶ | 535±60 ¶ |
| Total AUC of OGTT growth hormone (ng/mL x min) | 83±11 # | 141±18 # | 66±7 § | 132±27 § | 3286±1059 | 1307±489 |
| Dynamic AUC of OGTT growth hormone (ng/mL x min) | −126±19 | −179±32 | −136±19 | −188±53 | 40±302 | −270±211 |
| Total AUC of growth hormone per total AUC of glucose (ng/mL x min per g/dL x min) | 4.9±0.6 $ | 11.6±1.6 $ | 4.0±0.5 § | 11.4±3.1 § | 200±66 | 107±45 |
| Fasting endogenous glucose production (mg/kg/min) | 1.4±0.1 | 1.4±0.1 | 1.4±0.1 | 1.3±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 ¶ | 1.4±0.1 ¶ |
| Hepatic insulin extraction (0–120 min OGTT) (%) | 41±2 $ | 55±2 $ | 40±2 € | 56±3 € | 33±3 ¶ | 48±4 ¶ |
| Further estimates of insulin sensitivity | ||||||
| OGIS 120 min (ml/min/m2) | 341±5 $ | 429±6 $ | 341±7 € | 423±13 € | 338±8 £ | 434±17 £ |
| HOMA-IR | 3.7±0.2 $ | 1.9±0.1 $ | 3.3±0.3 € | 1.8±0.1 € | 5.4±0.7 ÷ | 2.9±0.5 ÷ |
| QUICKI | 0.38±0 $ | 0.42±0 $ | 0.38±0.01 € | 0.42±0.01 € | 0.35±0.01 ¶ | 0.39±0.01 ¶ |
| Insulin secretion parameters and indexes | ||||||
| Basal insulin secretion rate (pmol/min) | 256±12 $ | 144±6 $ | 228±12 € | 147±9 € | 282±27 | 208±32 |
| Fasting beta-cell function (nmol/mmol), prehepatic | 0.198±0.008 $ | 0.125±0.005 $ | 0.182±0.009 € | 0.126±0.007 € | 0.194±0.016 | 0.155±0.02 |
| Fasting beta-cell function (pmol/mmol), posthepatic | 19.5±1.3 $ | 11.3±0.6 $ | 17.2±1.5 § | 10.6±0.8 § | 25.6±2.9 | 16.4±3 |
| Insulinogenic Index (total insulin AUC, 0–120 min) (pmol/mmol) | 96±6 $ | 53±3 $ | 90±7 € | 52±5 € | 96±8 ¶ | 60±11 ¶ |
| Adaptation Index (ml min−1m−2) x (nmol/mmol) | 166±6 | 168±6 | 167±9 | 168±13 | 158±10 | 160±21 |
| Disposition Index (ml min−1m−2) x (nmol/mmol) | 31±2 $ | 22±1 $ | 30±2 + | 22±2 + | 32±2 | 27±6 |
| WHOSH_CP | 0.0061±0.0004 * | 0.0048±0.0004 * | 0.0055±0.0004 | 0.0049±0.0008 | 0.0063±0.0007 | 0.0057±0.0012 |
Differences were analyzed by using the Student's t–test: *, p<0.05 IR-NonACRO vs. IS-NonACRO; #, p<0.01 IR-NonACRO vs. IS-NonACRO; $, p<0.001 IR-NonACRO vs. IS-NonACRO; +, p<0.05 IR-NonACRO-sBMI vs. IS-NonACRO-sBMI; §, p<0.01 IR-NonACRO-sBMI vs. IS-NonACRO-sBMI; €, p<0.001 IR-NonACRO-sBMI vs. IS-NonACRO-sBMI; ÷, p<0.05 IR-ACRO vs. IS-ACRO; ¶, p<0.01 IR-ACRO vs. IS-ACRO; £, p<0.001 IR-ACRO vs. IS-ACRO.