Figure 7.

Mean human liver E3 major redox steady-state distributions as a function of pH, lipoamide, and NAD oxidized and reduced ratios calculated from 70 different parameter sets that fit the data (see Supporting Material). Human liver E3 major state distributions were calculated from 70 parameter sets from the redox-independent K_d model and Lipo/DHL and NAD⁺/NADH ratios as a function of pH. NAD⁺/NADH ratios were chosen based on literature data estimating a typical range of NAD⁺/NADH (50, 51, 52) and Lipo/DHL ratios were arbitrarily chosen. Total concentrations of lipoamide and NAD species were set to 10 mM and 3 mM (53), respectively. The total lipoamide concentration is based on a millimolar range approximation of the stoichiometry and volume of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (5). To see this figure in color, go online.