Table 3.
Breakfast eating frequency compared with health-promoting lifestyle and health status using one-way ANOVA
| Breakfast eating frequency | One-way ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1: scarcely (n = 4,738) | Group 2: sometimes (n = 7,285) | Group 3: always (n = 12,136) | F value | P-value | Multiple comparisons | |
| Health-promoting lifestyle | ||||||
| Self-realization | 22.36 (5.36) | 24.16 (4.69) | 26.02 (5.09) | 969.296 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Health responsibility | 14.88 (5.49) | 15.96 (5.79) | 16.94 (6.35) | 211.507 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Sports and exercise | 15.24 (4.27) | 16.39 (4.33) | 17.51 (5.07) | 425.692 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Nutrition | 15.42 (3.35) | 17.75 (3.27) | 19.89 (3.86) | 2791.141 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Interpersonal relationship | 21.30 (4.61) | 23.19 (3.94) | 25.12 (4.48) | 1408.129 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Stress management | 18.28 (3.92) | 20.13 (3.48) | 21.90 (4.12) | 1563.43 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Total score | 110.98 (19.90) | 121.25 (18.68) | 131.10 (21.84) | 1738.884 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Health status | ||||||
| Health (n = 4,533) | 79.60 (5.65) | 79.60 (5.37) | 81.15 (6.01) | 38.627 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| SHS (n = 11,121) | 62.60 (8.82) | 64.29 (7.85) | 66.08 (7.41) | 171.653 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Disease (n = 8,505) | 59.89 (10.93) | 63.06 (10.22) | 65.60 (10.52) | 175.604 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
| Total score | 63.78 (10.98) | 66.46 (10.26) | 69.30 (10.64) | 502.081 | 0.000 | G1 <G2 <G3** |
Data presented as mean (SD). ANOVA indicates analysis of variance. Bonferroni was used in the multiple comparisons.
** P <0.001 (Significant after Bonferroni correction for post-hoc analysis).