Table 4.
Associations between breakfast eating frequency and health-promoting lifestyle
| Dependent variables | Breakfast eating habits | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scarcely | Sometimes | |||||
| B a | OR (95% CI) | p-value | B a | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Health-promoting lifestyle | ||||||
| Poor | 4.558 | 95.415 (58.489-155.654) | 0.000 | 2.473 | 11.855 (8.839-15.900) | 0.000 |
| General | 3.095 | 22.077 (13.92-35.004) | 0.000 | 1.914 | 6.781 (5.375-8.555) | 0.000 |
| Good | 1.692 | 5.430 (3.410-8.645) | 0.000 | 1.235 | 3.438 (2.720-4.345) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Self-realization | ||||||
| Poor | 2.443 | 11.504 (9.371-14.122) | 0.000 | 1.098 | 2.999 (2.424-3.711) | 0.000 |
| General | 1.624 | 5.071 (4.505-5.5.708) | 0.000 | 1.067 | 2.905 (2.644-3.193) | 0.000 |
| Good | 0.696 | 2.006 (1.787-2.251) | 0.000 | 0.714 | 2.042 (1.873-2.225) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Health responsibility | ||||||
| Poor | 2.285 | 9.828 (6.072-15.909) | 0.000 | 1.495 | 4.458 (3.296-6.030) | 0.000 |
| General | 1.943 | 6.979 (4.316-11.285) | 0.000 | 1.376 | 3.959 (2.933-5.344) | 0.000 |
| Good | 1.393 | 4.025 (2.452-6.608) | 0.000 | 1.270 | 3.562 (2.609-4.862) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Sports and exercise | ||||||
| Poor | 1.876 | 6.526 (5.233-8.139) | 0.000 | 1.331 | 3.785 (3.189-4.493) | 0.000 |
| General | 1.516 | 4.555 (3.673-5.649) | 0.000 | 1.240 | 3.457 (2.933-4.075) | 0.000 |
| Good | 0.636 | 1.890 (1.504-2.374) | 0.000 | 0.902 | 2.464 (2.078-2.924) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Nutrition | ||||||
| Poor | 5.263 | 193.085 (90.922-410.041) | 0.000 | 2.671 | 14.458 (10.797-19.361) | 0.000 |
| General | 3.860 | 47.448 (22.475-100.170) | 0.000 | 2.254 | 9.522 (7.254-12.497) | 0.000 |
| Good | 2.038 | 7.677 (3.614-16.307) | 0.000 | 1.385 | 3.994 (3.033-5.259) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Interpersonal relationship | ||||||
| Poor | 3.532 | 34.195 (25.824-45.280) | 0.000 | 1.956 | 7.070 (5.297-9.436) | 0.000 |
| General | 1.952 | 7.041 (6.022-8.233) | 0.000 | 1.471 | 4.353 (3.864-4.903) | 0.000 |
| Good | 0.874 | 2.397 (2.052-2.799) | 0.000 | 1.018 | 2.768 (2.471-3.100) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Stress management | ||||||
| Poor | 3.507 | 33.339 (26.0259-42.710) | 0.000 | 1.723 | 5.600 (4.363-7.187) | 0.000 |
| General | 2.285 | 9.826 (8.353-11.559) | 0.000 | 1.580 | 4.857 (4.320-5.460) | 0.000 |
| Good | 1.069 | 2.914 (2.476-3.429) | 0.000 | 1.127 | 3.086 (2.758-3.453) | 0.000 |
| Excellent | Reference | Reference | ||||
Regressions conducted by iteratively regressing one health-promoting lifestyle on breakfast eating habits.
aUnstandardized regression coefficients.
The model is adjusted for demographic variables include age, gender, BMI, married status, education level, occupation, drinking, and smoking.