Table 1.

Some examples of changes targeted by the various interventions

Cognitive/emotional changes	Behavioural changes
• Problem solving skills (Abbott et al. 1998; Coviello et al. 2009; Platt et al. 1993)	• Communication and drug-refusal skills (Abbott et al. 1998)
• Understanding feelings and behaviors (Woody et al. 1995)	• Communication between clients and counselors (Joe et al. 1994; Dansereau et al. 1996)
• Self-awareness and discipline (Aszalos et al. 1999)	• Communication skills (Joe et al. 1997)
• Attention problems (Joe et al. 1994)	• Change in activities, such as avoiding drug-using friends (Farabee et al. 2002)
• Depression (Carpenter et al. 2006)
• Greater understanding of self and issues related to women and drug use (implicit in evaluation) (Najavits et al. 2007)	• Developing and refining interpersonal skills (e.g. problem solving and communication skills) (Nurco et al. 1995)
• Communication and reasoning processes (Joe et al. 1997)	• Leadership skills (Glickman et al. 2006)
• Motivation to employment (Coviello et al. 2004)	• Job acquisition (Kidorf et al. 1998)
	• Productive activity (Cohen et al. 1982)
	• Action steps to employment (Coviello et al. 2004)