. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 18.

Published in final edited form as: Microbiol Spectr. 2014;2(3):10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0005-2013. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0005-2013

Table 1.

STEC oral administration model with CNS descriptions

Ref.	animal	E. coli strain	CNS ^(a)	Histopathology ^(b) ^(c) ^(d)	IHC^(e)/TUNEL ^(f) ^(b)^(c)	Model notes	Other assays
[31]	pig	RCH/86 (Stx2+)	yes	HE: CL cap, small inf, small hrrg, fib in sub and cap	n.d.	gnotobiotic (caesarian section derived)	n.a.
[32]	pig	86-24 (Stx2+)	yes	Gross: MO and CL hrrg and nec PAS: MO, CL, and Sc, cap swl nec, peri deposits	n.d.	Suckling (colostrum provided)	n.a.
[32]	pig	87-23 Stx (−)	no	No lesion	n.d.	Suckling (colostrum provided)	n.a.
[33]	pig	S1191 (Stx2e+) M112 (Stx2e+)	yes	EM: myo and cap nec not apop, mono apop	TUNEL + myo in MO (5/11 pigs)	3-w-o	n.a.
[33]	pig	Strain 123 (non-pathogenic E. coli)	no	No lesion	N.d.	3-w-o	n.a.
[34]	pig	sakai	yes	LFB: mye deg, hrrg, pyk and prolif cap, peri ede	n.d.	neonatal	n.a.
[35]	ICR mouse	E32511/HSC (Stx2c+) ⁽ⁱ⁾	n.d.	EM: cap ede in CR ctx, mye deg HE: hrrg and ede in CR ctx only in CNS symptom (+) mice	Immuno EM-DAB ^(g): Stx2+ in CR ctx pyr and deg mye	Sm, MMC ^(h)	Tracer (i.v.) detected in cap and deg mye
[29]	C3H/HeN mouse	86-24, 86BL or 134 (Stx2+)	yes	n.d.	n.d.	fasted	n.a.
[29]	C3H/HeN mouse	87-23, 87BL (Stx2−)	yes	n.d.	n.d.	fasted	n.a.
[29]	C3H/HeJ mouse	86-24, 86BL or 134 (Stx2+)	yes (biph asic)	n.d.	n.d.	fasted	n.a.
[29]	C3H/HeJ mouse	87-23, 87BL (Stx2−)	no	n.d.	n.d.	fasted	n.a.
[36]	C57BL/6 mouse	N-9 (Stx1+/Stx2+)	n.d.	HE: infilt, hrrg, cap with fib in CR ctx LFB: No deg mye in hippo	Anit-Stx + hippo	PCM ^(j)	n.a.
[37]	IQI mouse	EDL931 (Stx1+/Stx2+)	yes	HE: ede, fib in cap, neu deg, cap prolif	n.d.	gnotobiotic	Brain TNFa increased
[55]	C57BL/6 mouse	Smr N-9 (Stx1+/Stx2+)	n.d.	n.d.	TUNEL + hippo neu during CNS symptom (+)	PCM	Serum Stx ↑, TNFa ↑, IL10 ↑ TLC-anti-PkMab ^(k) brain +
[38]	IQI mouse	O157:H7 strain 6 (Stx1+/Stx2+)	yes	HE: CR ctx and CL neu nec and slight loss of Purkinje	n.d.	gnotobiotic	n.d.
[56]	ICR mouse	E32511/HSC (Stx2c+)	yes	n.d.	GFAP ^(m) ↑, AQP4↓, casp3↑⁽ⁿ⁾ neu cer Sc ventral and MO dorsal	Sm, MMC	ISH ^(l) Gb3 synthase

^(a)

Detailed CNS symptoms are summarized in Table 3.

^(b)

Histopathology analysis keys are Gross (gross observation in non-stained tissue), HE (hematoxylin-esosin stain that stains cytoplasm in pink and nucleus blue, light microscopic findings (LM)), PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff stain that detects polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipid, LM), LFB (Luxol fast blue stain that stains myelin in blue, LM), EM (electron microscopic findings)

^(c)

CNS regions and cell type abbreviations are CR (cerebrum), ctx (cortex), hippo (hippocampus), str (striatum), CL (cerebellum), MO (medulla oblongata), Sc (spinal cord), cer (cervical), tho (thoracic), lum (lumbaris), sub (subarachinoid space), BS (brain stem is used where midbrain, pons or medulla oblongata are not specified), Histopathologic feature abbreviations are cap (endothelial cells or capillaries), inf (infarction), hrrg (hemorrhage), fib (fibrin deposition), nec (necrosis), swl (swelling), peri (perivascular), myo (myocytes), apop (apoptotic), mono (monocytes), mye (myelin), deg (degeneration), pyk (pyknotic nuclei), prolif (proliferation/hyperplasia), ede (edema), pyr (pyramidal neuron), inflt (infiltration of blood cells to parenchyma), neu (neuron), Purkinje (Purkinje cells are large neurons in CL)

^(d)

Histopathologic feature abbreviations are cap (endothelial cells or capillaries), inf (infarction), hrrg (hemorrhage), fib (fibrin deposition), nec (necrosis), swl (swelling), peri (perivascular), myo (myocytes), apop (apoptotic), mono (monocytes), mye (myelin), deg (degeneration), pyk (pyknotic nuclei), prolif (proliferation/hyperplasia), ede (edema), pyr (pyramidal neuron), inflt (infiltration of blood cells to parenchyma), neu (neuron), Purkinje (Purkinje cells are large neurons in CL)

^(e)

IHC = immunohistochemistry, immunodetection of the target in the tissue sections

^(f)

TUNEL = terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling detects DNA fragmentation that is a hallmark of apoptosis.

^(g)

Immuno-EM-DAB: immunodetection of the target with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) deposition by EM

^(h)

Sm =streptomycin, MMC = mitomycin C

⁽ⁱ⁾

Sm^r, MMC^r

^(j)

PCM = protein calorie malnutrition

^(k)

TLC-anti-PkMab (thin layer chromatography with anti-Pk monoclonal antibody detectin)

^(l)

ISH = in situ hybridization

^(m)

GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocyte marker, an increase of GFAP suggests astrogliosis.

⁽ⁿ⁾

IHC for activated (cleaved) caspase-3