Table 1.
Characteristics of 2911 college students in Thailand, according to obstructive sleep apnea status
| Characteristic | Total (n=2911) |
OSA | P valuea |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=2728) | Yes (n=183) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 20.3 (1.3) | 20.3 (1.3) | 20.6 (1.5) | 0.005 |
| Male, % | 33.1 | 31.7 | 54.6 | <0.001 |
| Education (college) | ||||
| First year | 24.5 | 25 | 16.9 | 0.034 |
| Second year | 31.9 | 31.8 | 35.5 | |
| Third year | 26.8 | 26.9 | 26.8 | |
| Senior | 16.7 | 16.4 | 20.8 | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Recreational PA participation, % | 54.9 | 54.8 | 55.2 | 0.926 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 16.3 | 15.6 | 25.1 | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking, % | 8.5 | 7.9 | 17.5 | <0.001 |
| Use of energy drinks, % | 58 | 57.4 | 66.7 | 0.014 |
| Psychological health | ||||
| Psychological distressb, % | 29.1 | 27.3 | 55.7 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Hypertensionc, % | 4.5 | 3.9 | 14 | <0.001 |
| Elevated BPd, % | 12.9 | 11.9 | 29.2 | <0.001 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 21.6 (3.8) | 21.4 (3.4) | 25.9 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| WHO criteria of obesity, % | ||||
| Normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2) | 85.9 | 87.9 | 55.6 | <0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI: 25–29 kg/m2) | 9.6 | 9.5 | 11.6 | |
| Obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) | 4.5 | 2.6 | 32.8 | |
| Asian criteria of obesity, % | ||||
| Normal weight (BMI<23 kg/m2) | 73.6 | 75.6 | 43.7 | <0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI: 23–26 kg/m2) | 18.4 | 18.4 | 18.6 | |
| Obese (BMI≥27 kg/m2) | 8.0 | 6.1 | 37.7 | |
| Abdominal obesitye, % | 12.3 | 10.3 | 41.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 73.2 (9.4) | 72.6 (8.5) | 83.3 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 91.2 (7.7) | 90.7 (7.1) | 98.7 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.80 (0.05) | 0.80 (0.05) | 0.84 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio≥Q3 (0.83), % | 25.0 | 23.5 | 47.2 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; SD, standard deviation; PA, physical activity; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.
a
Student t-test for continuous variables; Chi-square for categorical variables.
b
Evaluated by the General Health Questionnaire 12-item scale (GHQ-12).
c
Hypertension defined as: Systolic BP≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP≥90 mmHg.
d
Elevated BP defined as: Systolic BP≥120 mmHg or diastolic BP≥80 mmHg.
e
Based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria for the definition of abdominal obesity among South Asians: waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men; waist circumference ≥ 80 cm for women.