Table 6.
Differential item functioning positive and negative symptoms: reference group = USA vs. focal group = Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Russia & Ukraine, India, Eastern Asia
| Northern Europe | Southern Europe | Russia & Ukraine | India | Eastern Asia | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | Chi-sq | p-value | E.S. (95% C.I.) | Class | Chi-sq | p-value | E.S. (95% C.I.) | Class | Chi-sq | p-value | E.S. (95% C.I.) | Class | Chi-sq | p-value | E.S. (95% C.I.) | Class | Chi-sq | p-value | E.S. (95% C.I.) | Class |
| G1 | 17.54* | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.40;1.06) | CC+ | 1.74 | 0.19 | 0.19 (−0.09;0.48) | AA | 12.94* | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.23;0.69) | BB+ | 1.07 | 0.3 | 0.15 (−0.09;0.39) | AA | 12.67* | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.24;0.76) | BB+ |
| G2 | 21.95* | <0.001 | −0.55 (−0.79;-0.30) | BB- | 57.91* | <0.001 | −0.77 (−0.98;-0.56) | CC- | 12.2* | < 0.001 | −0.35 (−0.55;-0.16) | BB- | 36.56* | <0.001 | −0.66 (−0.88;-0.45) | CC- | 15.96* | <0.001 | −0.47 (−0.69;-0.24) | BB- |
| G3 | 3.85* | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.04;0.72) | BB+ | 19.01* | <0.001 | −0.62 (−0.91;-0.34) | CC- | 8.58* | < 0.001 | −0.39 (−0.64;-0.14) | BB- | 13.56* | <0.001 | −0.49 (−0.75;-0.24) | BB- | 0.65 | 0.42 | −0.08 (−0.33;0.17) | AA |
| G4 | 0.13 | 0.72 | 0.08 (−0.15;0.31) | AA | 4.52 | 0.03 | −0.21 (−0.38;-0.03) | AA | 3.84 | 0.05 | −0.15 (−0.34;0.03) | AA | 5.85 | 0.02 | −0.26 (−0.42;-0.10) | AA | 0.96 | 0.33 | −0.08 (−0.25;0.09) | AA |
| G5 | 0.29 | 0.59 | −0.10 (−0.37;0.17) | AA | 7.32 | 0.01 | −0.35 (−0.57;-0.14) | BB- | 4.11 | 0.04 | 0.07 (−0.13;0.27) | AA | 2.01 | 0.16 | −0.15 (−0.36;0.06) | AA | 21.1* | <0.001 | −0.43 (−0.63;-0.23) | BB- |
| G6 | 6.72 | 0.01 | −0.42 (−0.71;-0.14) | BB- | 96.09* | <0.001 | −1.56 (−1.88;-1.24) | CC- | 12.62* | < 0.001 | −0.44 (−0.68;-0.20) | BB- | 43.1* | < 0.001 | −0.96 (−1.24;-0.67) | CC- | 101.6* | <0.001 | −1.42 (−1.70;-1.13) | CC- |
| G7 | 7.99* | <0.001 | −0.35 (−0.56;-0.14) | BB- | 14.83* | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.14;0.52) | BB+ | 0.05 | 0.82 | −0.08 (−0.30;0.14) | AA | 9.06* | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.10;0.46) | AA | 4.75 | 0.03 | 0.21 (0.01;0.40) | AA |
| G8 | 0.38 | 0.54 | −0.06 (−0.27;0.14) | AA | 0.24 | 0.63 | 0.01 (−0.19;0.20) | AA | 19.24* | < 0.001 | −0.40 (−0.61;-0.19) | BB- | 1.22 | 0.27 | 0.15 (−0.03;0.33) | AA | 1.95 | 0.16 | −0.12 (−0.30;0.06) | AA |
| G9 | 12.25* | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.19;0.74) | BB+ | 0.45 | 0.5 | −0.09 (−0.29;0.11) | AA | 4.92 | 0.03 | −0.30 (−0.49;-0.10) | AA | 0.42 | 0.52 | −0.07 (−0.29;0.15) | AA | 24.13* | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.33;0.76) | BB+ |
| G10 | 12.43* | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.32;0.93) | CC+ | 51.21* | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.59;1.03) | CC+ | 24.08* | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.35;0.72) | BB+ | 35.63* | < 0.001 | 0.63 (0.42;0.84) | CC+ | 21.37* | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.25;0.69) | BB+ |
| G11 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.00 (−0.20;0.20) | AA | 38.47* | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.43;0.86) | CC+ | 0.37 | 0.54 | −0.02 (−0.19;0.15) | AA | 1.68 | 0.19 | 0.13 (−0.05;0.31) | AA | 12.14* | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.12;0.48) | BB+ |
| G12 | 3.91 | 0.05 | 0.24 (0.01;0.48) | AA | 16.84* | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.21;0.66) | BB+ | 8.07* | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.08;0.49) | AA | 44.49* | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.54;0.98) | CC+ | 17.92* | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.19;0.62) | BB+ |
| G13 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.12 (−0.32;0.08) | AA | 46.14* | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.43;0.79) | CC+ | 19.82* | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.14;0.50) | BB+ | 4.2 | 0.04 | 0.16 (−0.02;0.35) | AA | 16.89* | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.16;0.52) | BB+ |
| G14 | 1.73 | 0.19 | −0.22 (−0.49;0.05) | AA | 27.31* | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.39;0.81) | CC+ | 20.86* | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.29;0.67) | BB+ | 8.34* | < 0.001 | 0.31 (0.10;0.53) | BB+ | 20.34* | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.21;0.58) | BB+ |
| G15 | 6.35 | 0.01 | −0.29 (−0.54;-0.04) | AA | 8.39* | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.08;0.46) | AA | 2.91 | 0.09 | 0.19 (0.01;0.37) | AA | 8.29* | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.08;0.48) | AA | 0.04 | 0.84 | −0.01 (−0.18;0.17) | AA |
| G16 | 7.97* | <0.001 | −0.40 (−0.69;-0.11) | BB- | 9.45* | <0.001 | −0.31 (−0.51;-0.10) | BB- | 8.93* | < 0.001 | −0.21 (−0.39;-0.03) | AA | 6.01 | 0.01 | −0.27 (−0.50;-0.04) | AA | 31.17* | <0.001 | −0.56 (−0.77;-0.35) | BB- |
* Bonferroni Corrected p <0 .0017; E.S.: Effect Size; Chi-sq: Chi Square.