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. 2014 Dec 18;5:219. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00219

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Copyright © 2014 Nässel and Williams.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Neuromodulators that regulate feeding modules in Drosophila. The neuromodulators in black and red units are produced by identified neurons: dopamine (DA) in DL1 neurons (for foraging) and in ventral unpaired neurons (for meal initiation), NPF in non-clock NPF neurons, sNPF in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), DSK in IPCs. The other peptides Hugin, allatostatin A (AstA), leucokinin (LK) are produced by several neurons types and it is not known which mediate the feeding responses. Probably, DILPs from IPCs contribute to inhibition of food ingestion. Note that DILPs inhibit the sNPF signaling in OSNs. This figure was compiled from data in Figure 3 in Ref. (29).