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. 2014 Dec 18;5:219. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00219

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Copyright © 2014 Nässel and Williams.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model for the regulation of aggressive behavior by DSK. Twz and TfAP-2 regulate the expression of Tbh and Vmat, which control octopamine production and release from octopaminergic neurons. Octopamine then signals to the IPCs to induce Dsk transcription. Dsk signals to stimulate aggression, while inhibiting mating and feeding behavior (15). This figure was modified from Figure 8 in Ref. (36).