Table 4.

Important risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy

Patient factors

• Volume depletion or low effective circulatory volume

• Congestive heart failure

• Preexisting kidney disease

• Anemia

• Diabetes mellitus

• Older age group

Procedure- and contrast media-related risk factors

• Emergency procedures in critically ill patient

• Need for circulatory support (intra-aortic balloon pump, vasopressors)

• Total dose of contrast agent

• Need for repeated procedures with <2 days in between

• High viscosity of contrast agent

• Intra-arterial administration