Table 2. Characteristics of studies.
| Author | Year | Study size | Study design | Outcomes assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | ||||
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Hirdes et al. | 2003 | 28,495 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Flacker and Kiely | 2003 | 136,794 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Porock et al. | 2005 | 43,510 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Porock et al. | 2010 | 43,510 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Van Dijk et al. | 2005 | 43,510 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Wallace and Prevost | 2006 | 21,852 | Retrospective cohort | Mortality |
| Lee and Rantz | 2008 | 38,591 | Retrospective cohort | Physical function |
| Facility staffing | ||||
| Decker | 2008 | 6623 | Retrospective cohort | Discharge outcome, mortality |
| Decker | 2008 | 4086 | Retrospective cohort | Discharge outcome, LOS, and mortality |
| Facility characteristics | ||||
| Li et al. | 2011 | 9336* | Retrospective cohort | Rehospitalization |
| Harrington et al. | 2002 | 13,953* | Retrospective cohort | Deficiency citations |
| Zimmerman et al. | 2002 | 2315 | Retrospective cohort | Infection, hospitalization |
| Flynn et al. | 2010 | 63* | Retrospective cohort | Pressure ulcers, deficiency citations |
| Intrator et al. | 2004 | 54,631 | Retrospective cohort | Preventable readmission |
| Jette et al. | 2005 | 4988 | Retrospective cohort | LOS, functional, and mental status |
| Horn et al. | 2010 | 147* | Retrospective cohort | High-risk pressure ulcer, incontinence, and declining ADLs |
| Process | ||||
| Berkowitz et al. | 2011 | 1* | Pre/post observational cohort |
Discharge disposition, mortality |
| Hill Westmoreland and Gruber- Baldini |
2005 | 462 | Retrospective cohort | Falls |
| Simmons et al. | 2003 | 400 | Cross-sectional cohort | Weight loss and related care |
| Schnelle et al. | 2003 | 779 | Cross-sectional cohort | Urinary incontinence and related care |
| Stevenson et al. | 2004 | 6947 | Cross-sectional cohort | Urinary tract infection |
| Schnelle et al. | 2004 | 413 | Cross-sectional cohort | Restraint use |
| Schnelle et al. | 2001 | 109 | Cross-sectional cohort | Depression |
| Simmons et al. | 2004 | 396 | Cross-sectional cohort | Depression related care |
| Bates-Jensen et al. | 2003 | 329 | Cross-sectional cohort | Pressure ulcers and related care |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Facility variability | ||||
| Porell and Caro | 1998 | 550* | Longitudinal cohort | Mortality, ADLs, incontinence, cognitive status, pressure ulcers, accidents, restraint use, contractures, and weight change |
| Resident-reported outcomes | ||||
| Hodlewsky and Decker | 2002 | 265 | Randomized contolled trial | Reliability of resident satisfaction surveys |
| Kane et al. | 2004 | 40* | Mixed-method | Quality of life scores |
*
Facility count.