Table 2.

Factors Associated with Barriers to Specialist Referral, Stratified by Specialty Type, Adjusted.

	Primary Care Physician n=1,562		Specialist Physician n=2,144
	β-coefficienta	95% CI	β-coefficienta	95% CI
Male gender	0.03	−0.06, 0.11	0.07	−0.02, 0.15
Age
<40 years	−0.02	−0.11, 0.07	0.10	0.02, 0.18
40–59 years	Reference		Reference
60+ years	−0.15	−0.25, −0.04	−0.04	−0.11, 0.03
Specialty
Surgeon			Reference
Medical oncologist			0.31	0.23, 0.39
Radiation oncologist			0.38	0.28, 0.48
Other medical specialist			−0.10	−0.17, −0.03
International medical graduate	0.34	0.25, 0.44	0.28	0.20, 0.35
Not board-certified	0.17	0.05, 0.29	0.05	−0.06, 0.16
No teaching medical students/residents	0.04	−0.03, 0.11	0.04	−0.02, 0.10
Practice setting
Hospital	Reference		Reference
Office
Solo	0.20	0.03, 0.36	0.21	0.11, 0.31
Single-specialty	0.06	−0.09, 0.21	0.10	0.03, 0.18
Multi-specialty	−0.03	−0.18, 0.11	−0.05	−0.15, 0.04
Other	−0.04	−0.24, 0.15	0.01	−0.25, 0.26
Community health center	0.34	0.08, 0.60	0.12	−0.10, 0.35
Government-owned practice	0.36	0.11, 0.61	0.27	0.06, 0.47
Small practice size (<20 physicians)	0.13	0.04, 0.23	0.04	−0.04, 0.11
Percent patients in managed care plans
<30%	0.28	0.16, 0.41	0.46	0.31, 0.61
30–89%	0.46	0.36, 0.56	0.51	0.39, 0.63
90–100%	Reference		Reference
Availability of medical record components	−0.08	−0.10, −0.05	−0.04	−0.07, −0.01
Data collection site
Cancer Research Network—5 HMOs	Reference		Reference
Northern California—8 counties	−0.08	−0.21, 0.05	−0.06	−0.17, 0.05
State of Alabama	0.00	−0.16, 0.16	−0.07	−0.21, 0.06
Los Angeles County	0.06	−0.07, 0.18	0.05	−0.06, 0.16
State of Iowa	0.14	−0.01, 0.29	−0.02	−0.16, 0.12
State of North Carolina—22 counties	0.13	−0.29, 0.02	−0.10	−0.23, 0.02

^aβ-coefficients represent a higher or lower barrier score compared with the reference, and correspond to the original five-point Likert scale, e.g. −1.0 may correspond to “never” compared with “rarely.”