Figure 1.

Carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammation increases TNF levels in the spinal cord. Bar graphs displaying (A) TNF levels in CSF (pg/mL) and (B) mRNA levels presented as relative expression units (REU) and (C) TNF protein expression as % of control in the lumbar ipsilateral spinal cord 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 18 h after carrageenan injection to the paw, compared with naïve (0 h time point) rats. Representative western blot images showing TNF and β-actin (loading control) immunopositive bands from spinal cord homogenates over time after carrageenan injection. Recombinant soluble TNF (rTNF) was used as positive control. All data are presented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, versus naive controls.