Table 1.
Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) Comparing Risk for Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms by Exposure to Midlife Adversities
| Midlife Adversity | Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N of cases | % | ORa | 95% CIa | Wald χ2 (df) | p | ORb | 95% CIb | Wald χ2 (df) | p | ORc | 95% CIc | Wald χ2 (df) | p | |
| All | 3,939 | 534 | 13.6 | ||||||||||||
| Occupational position | |||||||||||||||
| High | 1,392 | 133 | 9.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Average | 1,961 | 268 | 13.7 | 1.35 | 1.07–1.71 | 6.20 (1) | 0.013 | 1.30 | 1.01–1.66 | 4.22 (1) | 0.040 | 1.16 | 0.88–1.52 | 1.14 (1) | 0.29 |
| Low | 586 | 133 | 22.7 | 2.13 | 1.55–2.93 | 21.72 (1) | <0.0001 | 2.33 | 1.67–3.24 | 24.85 (1) | <0.0001 | 1.70 | 1.15–2.51 | 7.03 (1) | 0.008 |
| p for trend | 20.80 (1) | <0.0001 | 22.44 (1) | <0.0001 | 6.31 (1) | 0.012 | |||||||||
| Standard of living | 3,871 | 519 | 13.4 | ||||||||||||
| Good | 2,708 | 286 | 10.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Average | 912 | 169 | 18.5 | 2.00 | 1.61–2.48 | 39.66 (1) | <0.0001 | 1.54 | 1.22–1.93 | 13.61 (1) | 0.0002 | 1.50 | 1.19–1.89 | 11.61 (1) | 0.0007 |
| Poor | 251 | 64 | 25.5 | 3.47 | 2.51–4.79 | 56.86 (1) | <0.0001 | 2.50 | 1.76–3.54 | 26.62 (1) | <0.0001 | 2.37 | 1.66–3.39 | 22.51 (1) | <0.0001 |
| p for trend | 78.66 (1) | <0.0001 | 32.50 (1) | <0.0001 | 27.53 (1) | <0.0001 | |||||||||
| Job strain | 3,935 | 533 | 13.5 | ||||||||||||
| Low strain | 953 | 97 | 10.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Active | 1,236 | 128 | 10.4 | 1.07 | 0.80–1.43 | 0.18 (1) | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.33 | 0.02 (1) | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.69–1.29 | 0.13 (1) | 0.72 |
| Passive | 1,171 | 199 | 17.0 | 1.53 | 1.16–2.03 | 9.00 (1) | 0.003 | 1.19 | 0.88–1.63 | 1.27 (1) | 0.26 | 1.17 | 0.85–1.60 | 0.91 (1) | 0.34 |
| High strain | 575 | 109 | 19.0 | 2.05 | 1.50–2.80 | 20.01 (1) | <0.0001 | 1.55 | 1.11–2.16 | 6.72 (1) | 0.010 | 1.52 | 1.09–2.14 | 5.94 (1) | 0.015 |
| Number of close people | 3,809 | 514 | 13.5 | ||||||||||||
| 7+ | 1,117 | 122 | 10.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 3–6 | 1,919 | 275 | 14.3 | 1.33 | 1.05–1.68 | 5.74 (1) | 0.017 | 1.19 | 0.94–1.52 | 2.03 (1) | 0.15 | 1.26 | 0.98–1.62 | 3.27 (1) | 0.07 |
| 0–2 | 773 | 117 | 15.1 | 1.49 | 1.13–1.97 | 7.97 (1) | 0.005 | 1.40 | 1.04–1.88 | 5.04 (1) | 0.025 | 1.51 | 1.12–2.03 | 7.13 (1) | 0.008 |
| p for trend | 8.39 (1) | 0.004 | 5.07 (1) | 0.024 | 7.31 (1) | 0.007 | |||||||||
Notes: All analyses are based on multivariable logistic regression analysis. df: degrees of freedom.
a
Adjusted for sex, length of follow-up time, and age at follow-up.
b
Additionally adjusted for occupational position (except in analysis of occupational position), psychological distress at baseline and during follow-up, and marital status at follow-up.
c
Additionally adjusted for long-standing illness, coronary heart disease, smoking, alcohol use, physical function, and income level at follow-up.