Table 2.

Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) Comparing Risk for Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms by the Number and Type of Midlife Adversities

Number and Type of Midlife Adversities	Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms
	N	N of cases	%	ORa	95% CIa	Wald χ2 (df)	p	ORb	95% CIb	Wald χ2 (df)	p
Number of any adversities
0	2,063	203	9.8	1.00				–	–
1	1,379	212	15.4	1.34	1.05–1.69	5.71 (1)	0.017	–	–
2–4	356	96	27.0	2.56	1.85–3.54	32.01 (1)	<0.0001	–	–
p for trend						28.75 (1)	<0.0001	–	–
Number of socioeconomic adversities (low occupational grade, poor standard of living)
0	3,026	333	11.0	1.00				1.00
1	736	165	22.4	1.70	1.31–2.22	15.36 (1)	<0.0001	1.71	1.31–2.23	15.54 (1)	<0.0001
2	36	13	36.1	3.20	1.41–7.25	7.79 (1)	0.004	3.34	1.48–7.58	8.35 (1)	0.004
p for trend						21.23 (1)	<0.0001			20.42 (1)	<0.0001
Number of psychosocial adversities (high job strain,c low number of close relationships)
0	2,607	323	12.4	1.00				1.00
1	1,061	154	14.5	1.21	0.96–1.53	2.50 (1)	0.11	1.23	0.97–1.56	2.92 (1)	0.09
2	130	34	26.2	2.17	1.35–3.48	10.32 (1)	0.001	2.19	1.37–3.52	10.61 (1)	0.001
p for trend						9.44 (1)	0.002			10.20 (1)	0.001
Number of work related adversities (low occupational grade, high job strainc)
0	2,768	296	10.7	1.00				1.00
1	951	197	20.7	1.52	1.19–1.94	11.24 (1)	0.001	1.50	1.18–1.92	10.62 (1)	0.001
2	79	18	22.8	2.28	1.22–4.27	6.60 (1)	0.010	2.30	1.23–4.32	6.72 (1)	0.010
p for trend						14.70 (1)	0.0001			14.24 (1)	0.0002
Number of non-work related adversities (poor standard of living, low number of close relationships)
0	2,846	353	12.4	1.00				1.00
1	884	136	15.4	1.33	1.04–1.70	5.24 (1)	0.022	1.32	1.04–1.69	5.03 (1)	0.025
2	68	22	32.4	2.96	1.58–5.54	11.45 (1)	0.001	2.91	1.55–5.45	11.10 (1)	0.001
p for trend						12.87 (1)	0.0003			12.46 (1)	0.0004

Notes: All analyses are based on multivariable logistic regression analysis. df: degrees of freedom.

^aAdjusted for sex, psychological distress at baseline and during follow-up, length of follow-up; age, marital status, longstanding illness, coronary heart disease, physical function, smoking, alcohol use, and income level at follow-up.

^bSocioeconomic and psychosocial adversities additionally adjusted for each other; work related and non-work related adversities additionally adjusted for each other.

^cNo exposure group includes participants with low job strain, active, and passive job.