Table 2.
Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) Comparing Risk for Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms by the Number and Type of Midlife Adversities
| Number and Type of Midlife Adversities | Post-Retirement Depressive Symptoms |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N of cases | % | ORa | 95% CIa | Wald χ2 (df) | p | ORb | 95% CIb | Wald χ2 (df) | p | |
| Number of any adversities | |||||||||||
| 0 | 2,063 | 203 | 9.8 | 1.00 | – | – | |||||
| 1 | 1,379 | 212 | 15.4 | 1.34 | 1.05–1.69 | 5.71 (1) | 0.017 | – | – | ||
| 2–4 | 356 | 96 | 27.0 | 2.56 | 1.85–3.54 | 32.01 (1) | <0.0001 | – | – | ||
| p for trend | 28.75 (1) | <0.0001 | – | – | |||||||
| Number of socioeconomic adversities (low occupational grade, poor standard of living) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 3,026 | 333 | 11.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 | 736 | 165 | 22.4 | 1.70 | 1.31–2.22 | 15.36 (1) | <0.0001 | 1.71 | 1.31–2.23 | 15.54 (1) | <0.0001 |
| 2 | 36 | 13 | 36.1 | 3.20 | 1.41–7.25 | 7.79 (1) | 0.004 | 3.34 | 1.48–7.58 | 8.35 (1) | 0.004 |
| p for trend | 21.23 (1) | <0.0001 | 20.42 (1) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Number of psychosocial adversities (high job strain,c low number of close relationships) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 2,607 | 323 | 12.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 | 1,061 | 154 | 14.5 | 1.21 | 0.96–1.53 | 2.50 (1) | 0.11 | 1.23 | 0.97–1.56 | 2.92 (1) | 0.09 |
| 2 | 130 | 34 | 26.2 | 2.17 | 1.35–3.48 | 10.32 (1) | 0.001 | 2.19 | 1.37–3.52 | 10.61 (1) | 0.001 |
| p for trend | 9.44 (1) | 0.002 | 10.20 (1) | 0.001 | |||||||
| Number of work related adversities (low occupational grade, high job strainc) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 2,768 | 296 | 10.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 | 951 | 197 | 20.7 | 1.52 | 1.19–1.94 | 11.24 (1) | 0.001 | 1.50 | 1.18–1.92 | 10.62 (1) | 0.001 |
| 2 | 79 | 18 | 22.8 | 2.28 | 1.22–4.27 | 6.60 (1) | 0.010 | 2.30 | 1.23–4.32 | 6.72 (1) | 0.010 |
| p for trend | 14.70 (1) | 0.0001 | 14.24 (1) | 0.0002 | |||||||
| Number of non-work related adversities (poor standard of living, low number of close relationships) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 2,846 | 353 | 12.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 | 884 | 136 | 15.4 | 1.33 | 1.04–1.70 | 5.24 (1) | 0.022 | 1.32 | 1.04–1.69 | 5.03 (1) | 0.025 |
| 2 | 68 | 22 | 32.4 | 2.96 | 1.58–5.54 | 11.45 (1) | 0.001 | 2.91 | 1.55–5.45 | 11.10 (1) | 0.001 |
| p for trend | 12.87 (1) | 0.0003 | 12.46 (1) | 0.0004 | |||||||
Notes: All analyses are based on multivariable logistic regression analysis. df: degrees of freedom.
a
Adjusted for sex, psychological distress at baseline and during follow-up, length of follow-up; age, marital status, longstanding illness, coronary heart disease, physical function, smoking, alcohol use, and income level at follow-up.
b
Socioeconomic and psychosocial adversities additionally adjusted for each other; work related and non-work related adversities additionally adjusted for each other.
c
No exposure group includes participants with low job strain, active, and passive job.