Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Characteristic | CO category |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤4 (n = 713) | >4 and ≤5 (n = 568) | >5 (n = 645) | P-value | |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 9.5 | 57.6 ± 9.7 | 56.0 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| Women (%) | 76 | 50 | 47 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 27.8 ± 4.7 | 27.4 ± 4.5 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 20 | 127 ± 19 | 125 ± 18 | 0.096 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 9 | 76 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 0.493 |
| Hypertension (%) | 35 | 36 | 34 | 0.706 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5 | 6 | 7 | 0.137 |
| Current smokers (%) | 0 | 1 | 41 | <0.0001 |
| Subclinical disease measures | ||||
| LV hypertrophy by ECG or echocardiography | ||||
| LV hypertrophy by Cornell criteria (%) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.269 |
| LV mass-to-height ratio (g/m) | ||||
| In men | 107 ± 24 | 107 ± 22 | 108 ± 23 | 0.856 |
| In women | 84 ± 18 | 87 ± 19 | 86 ± 18 | 0.067 |
| LV hypertrophy by echocardiography (%) | 18 | 20 | 21 | 0.002 |
| LV systolic dysfunction by echocardiography | ||||
| Fractional shortening | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 |
| LV systolic dysfunction (%) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0.022 |
| Carotid ultrasound abnormality | ||||
| Increased carotid artery IMT (%) | 17 | 18 | 26 | <0.0001 |
| Extreme increase of common carotid artery IMT (%) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 0.164 |
| Carotid artery stenosis ≥25% (%) | 11 | 13 | 18 | 0.0002 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||||
| Ankle-brachial index ≤0.9 (%) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.009 |
| Glomerular endothelial dysfunction | ||||
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 9 | 7 | 10 | 0.212 |
| Composite of subclinical disease measures | ||||
| At least one (%) | 40 | 41 | 47 | 0.023 |
| At least two (%) | 10 | 10 | 17 | 0.0001 |
| Three or more (%) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0.002 |
| Mean score | 0.52 ± 0.73 | 0.53 ± 0.72 | 0.69 ± 0.89 | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD (for continuous variables) or percentages (for categorical variables).