Effect on proteins involved in insulin signaling. (A) Normalized to total Akt, Akt was more phosphorylated at Ser473 in the 2 g/kg/day and combined OAA groups. (B) Normalized to GAPDH, Akt was more phosphorylated at Ser473 in the 1 g/kg/day, 2 g/kg/day and combined OAA groups. (C) Normalized to total mTOR protein, mTOR was more phosphorylated at Ser2448 in the 2 g/kg/day and combined OAA groups. (D) Normalized to GAPDH, mTOR was more phosphorylated at Ser2448 in the 2 g/kg/day and combined OAA groups. (E) Normalized to total P70S6K, P70S6K was more phosphorylated at Thr389 in the 1 g/kg/day and combined OAA groups. (F) Normalized to GAPDH, levels of P70S6K phosphorylation at Thr389 were comparable between the groups. Values shown are relative group means ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005.