Table 1.

Overview of studies evaluated in this report

Study type	Year	Participants	Oral dosage	Brief outcome summary
Pharmacokinetic study	1999	8 healthy volunteers, aged 28–52 years	1 × 500 mg PS + 400 mg PA in lecithin	PS maximum 90 min post-ingestion, return to basal levels after 180 min
Study 1: influence of PS+PA on memory and mood in functioning elderly	1992	72 functioning, non-depressive elderly, aged 60–80 years	Placebo (lecithin) tid or 100 mg PS + 80 mg PA in lecithin tid for 3 months	Significant positive influence of PS on memory and mood in pre–post comparison
Placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Study 2: effect of PS+PA on daily functioning and general condition in patients with AD	1995	96 patients with AD, aged 50–90 years	Placebo (starch) tid or 100 mg PS + 80 mg PA in lecithin tid for 2 months	Significant positive effect on daily functioning, positive trends on emotional state and on self-reported general condition, no adverse effects
Placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Discussed: effects of PS on cognitively impaired geriatric out-patients	1991–1999	68 patients with AD, dementia, or memory loss, aged 44–92 years	PS+PA supplementation for 2 months to 13 years (mean 1.4 ± 1.8 years)	No adverse effects, significant positive influence of PS in most cognitive categories in pre–post comparison
Historical prospective data

AD Alzheimer’s disease, PA phosphatidic acid, PS phosphatidylserine, tid three times daily