Table 1.
Baseline Demographics by Cognitive Status
| Characteristic | Baseline Cognition, No. (%) |
P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Cognitive Impairment (n = 7446) | MCI (n = 3460) | Dementia (n = 5339) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72.4 (10.08) | 74.05 (9.25) | 73.63 (10.20) | <.001a |
| Sex male | 2637 (35.4) | 1704 (49.2) | 2623 (49.1) | <.001 |
| White race | 6047 (81.2) | 2810 (81.2) | 4456 (83.5) | <.001 |
| Follow-up visits, mean, No. | 3.72 (1.39) | 3.39 (1.30) | 3.12 (1.21) | <.001a |
| Years from first pacemaker or ICD implant to death, mean (SD) | 2.58 (1.21) | 2.75 (1.41) | 2.48 (1.46) | .33a |
| Clinical dementia rating, mean (SD) | 0.08 (0.19) | 0.45 (0.18) | 1.10 (0.69) | <.001a |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 28.79 (1.58) | 27.15 (2.46) | 20.56 (6.46) | <.001a |
| Hachinski ischemic score | 0.74 (1.10) | 1.05 (1.50) | 1.09 (1.61) | <.001a |
| Functional status | ||||
| Independent | 7143 (95.9) | 2596 (75.0) | 1060 (19.9) | <.001 |
| Requires some assistance with complex activities | 223 (3.0) | 755 (21.8) | 2592 (48.6) | |
| Requires some assistance with basic activities | 63 (0.9) | 88 (2.5) | 1213 (22.7) | |
| Completely dependent | 8 (0.11) | 6 (0.2) | 436 (8.2) | |
| Unknown | 9 (0.12) | 15 (0.4) | 38 (0.7) | |
| Pacemaker status, baseline | 157 (2.1) | 96 (2.8) | 167 (3.1) | .001 |
| ICD, baseline | 3 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | .46 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 796 (10.7) | 511 (14.8) | 664 (12.4) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 369 (5.0) | 192 (5.6) | 239 (4.5) | .09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 120 (1.6) | 67 (1.9) | 91 (1.7) | .07 |
| Stroke or TIA | 58 (0.8) | 42 (1.2) | 75 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 818 (11.0) | 458 (13.2) | 613 (11.5) | <.001 |
| Comorbidity burdenb | ||||
| None | 5527 (74.2) | 2309 (66.7) | 3732 (69.9) | <.001 |
| 1 | 1447 (19.4) | 829 (24.0) | 1198 (22.4) | |
| 2 | 380 (5.1) | 241 (7.0) | 315 (5.9) | |
| 3 | 79 (1.1) | 72 (2.1) | 80 (1.5) | |
| 4 | 11 (0.2) | 7 (0.2) | 10 (0.2) | |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hypertension | 3929 (52.8) | 1967 (56.9) | 2811 (52.7) | <.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 3742 (50.3) | 2000 (57.8) | 2854 (53.5) | <.001 |
| Cholinesterase inhibitor use | 129 (1.7) | 630 (18.2) | 2395 (44.9) | <.001 |
| Cardiac drug usec | 3567 (47.9) | 1978 (57.2) | 2747 (51.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators; MMSE,Mini-Mental State Examination; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
P value of analysis of variance tests.
b
Includes a count of ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, stroke/TIA, diabetes mellitus.
c
Includes any use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, anti-adrenergic, β-blocker, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or angiotensin.