Table 1.
Summery of the cellular effects and pathways induced by CB and TiO2 nanoparticles (the most relevant references discussed in this review are indicated by their respective reference number).
| Protein interactions | Junctional proteins (TiO29) |
| Metabolizing enzymes (CB44,45, TiO245) | |
| Cytoskeleton (TiO247) | |
| Membrane proteins (CB48,15, TiO24) | |
| Cytokines (CB46, TiO246) | |
| Apoptosis | Mitochondrial pathway (CB13, TiO24,20) |
| Lysosomal pathway (TiO24,13) | |
| Cell death receptors (TiO24) | |
| Pyroptosis (CB28) | |
| Autophagy | Induction or disturbance (CB10, TiO210) |
| Genotoxicity | Clastogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic (CB22, TiO222,23,24) |
| Immune response | NF-κB pathway activation (CB25, TiO24) |
| Inflammasome activation (CB28, TiO227) | |
| Immunomodulatory effects (CB34,37,39, TiO233,35,36,38) | |
| Cardiovascular effects | Endothelial dysfunction (CB41, TiO24) |
| Acute phase response (CB40, TiO240) |