Table 3.

Prenatal exposure to phthalate metabolites (quartiles) and odds of low (≤10th percentile) and high (≥90th percentile) and cord blood leptin levels

	Low leptin a		High leptin a
Phthalate metabolites	Unadjusted OR	Adjusted OR b	Unadjusted OR	Adjusted OR b
	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
MEP
Total (n =1089)
≤11	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
12- ≤ 28	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	0 8 (0.5-1.4)	0.7 (0.4-1.4)	0.7 (0.4-1.3)
29- ≤ 82	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	1.1 (0.7-2.0)	1.1 (0.6-2.1)
>82	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	1.0 (0.6-1.8)	0.9 (0.5-1.7)
Males (n = 578)
≤11	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
12- ≤ 28	0.7 (0.3-1.4)	0.7 (0.3-1.4)	0.9 (0.4-2.1)	0.9 (0.4-2.2)
29- ≤ 82	0.4 (0.2-0.9)	0.4 (0.2-0.9)	1.4 (0.7-3.1)	1.6 (0.7-3.7)
>82	0.6 (0.3-1.3)	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	1.4 (0.6-3.0)	1.4 (0.6-3.4)
Females (n = 511)
≤11	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
12- ≤ 28	1.0 (0.5-2.0)	1.0 (0.5-2.4)	0.7 (0.3-1.7)	0.7 (0.3-1.6)
29- ≤ 78	0.7 (0.3-1.6)	0.7 (0.3-1.8)	1.1 (0.5-2.4)	1.1 (0.5-2.5)
>78	0.5 (0.2-1.2)	0.6 (0.2-1.5)	0.7 (0.3-1.6)	0.6 (0.2-1.6)
MBP
Total (n =1089)
≤4.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
>5- ≤ 12	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	0.6 (0.3-1.1)	1.0 (0.6-1.8)	1.0 (0.5-1.8)
13- ≤ 23	0.5 (0.3-0.9)	0.6 (0.3-1.3)	1.0 (0.6-1.8)	0.9 (0.4-1.9)
>23	0.9 (0.5-1.5)	1.0 (0.5-2.3)	1.0 (0.5-1.7)	0.8 (0.4-1.9)
Males (n =578)
≤5	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
>5- ≤ 12	0.9 (0.4-1.8)	1.0 (0.4-2.2)	1.3 (0.6-2.8)	1.2 (0.5-2.8)
13- ≤ 23	0.4 (0.2-1.0)	0.6 (0.2-1.7)	1.1 (0.5-2.3)	0.9 (0.4-2.5)
>23	1.2 (0.6-2.4)	1.9 (0.7-5.5)	0.8 (0.3-1.9)	0.6 (0.2-2.1)
Females (n =511)
≤4.8	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
>4.9- ≤ 11.8	0.4 (0.2-1.0)	0.7 (0.3-1.5)	0.9 (0.4-2.0)	0.9 (0.4-2.3)
11.9- ≤ 23	0.6 (0.3-1.2)	0.8 (0.3-2.3)	0.9 (0.4-2.1)	1.0 (0.3-2.9)
>23	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	0.8 (0.2-2.5)	1.1 (0.5-2.5)	1.2 (0.4-4.0)
MBzP
Total (n =1088)
≤2.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2.3- ≤ 5.0	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	0.7 (0.4-1.3)	1.5 (0.8-2.8)	1.6 (0.8-3.1)
5.1- ≤ 11.0	0.8 (0.5-1.4)	0.9 (0.5-1.7)	1.6 (0.9-3.0)	1.8 (0.9-3.7)
>11	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	0.8 (0.4-1.7)	1.5 (0.8-2.8)	1.7 (0.8-3.6)
Males (n =577)
≤2.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2.3- ≤ 5.0	0.9 (0.4-2.0)	1.1 (0.5-2.4)	1.6 (0.7-3.5)	1.5 (0.7-3.6)
5.1- ≤ 11.0	0.8 (0.4-1.7)	0.9 (0.4-2.3)	1.4 (0.6-3.2)	1.7 (0.7-4.2)
>11	0.9 (0.4-1.9)	1.1 (0.4-2.8)	1.3 (0.6-2.9)	1.4 (0.5-3.9)
Females (n = 511)
≤2.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2.3- ≤ 5.0	0.6 (0.2-1.2)	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	1.8 (0.7-4.7)	2.2 (0.8-5.8)
5.1- ≤ 11.0	0.9 (0.4-1.9)	1.1 (0.4-2.9)	2.3 (0.9-5.9)	2.7 (0.9-7.8)
>11	0.6 (0.2-1.3)	0.8 (0.3-2.3)	1.9 (0.8-5.0)	2.3 (0.7-7.2)
MCPP
Total (n =1089)
≤0.28	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
0.29- ≤ 0.85	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	1.6 (0.9-2.9)	1.7 (0.9-3.2)
0.86- ≤ 2.0	0.5 (0.3-0.9)	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	1.4 (0.7-2.5)	1.6 (0.8-3.2)
>2.0	0.7 (0.4-1.3)	0.7 (0.4-1.5)	1.5 (0.8-2.7)	1.7 (0.8-3.8)
Males (n =578)
≤0.29	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
0.3- ≤ 0.87	0.9 (0.4-1.8)	0.8 (0.4-1.7)	3.6 (1.4-9.4)	4.3 (1.6-11.6)
0.88- ≤ 2.0	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	2.7 (1.0-7.1)	3.6 (1.2-10.8)
>2.0	0.8 (0.4-1.6)	0.7 (0.3-1.7)	2.4 (0.9-6.5)	3.5 (1.1-11.6)
Females (n =511)
≤0.29	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
0.3- ≤ 0.82	0.5 (0.2-1.1)	0.5 (0.2-1.2)	1.2 (0.5-2.7)	1.2 (0.5-3.0)
0.83- ≤ 1.8	0.8 (0.4-1.8)	1.1 (0.4-2.7)	0.9 (0.4-2.2)	1.0 (0.4-2.8)
>1.8	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	0.9 (0.3-2.8)	1.3 (0.6-3.0)	1.3 (0.4-4.1)
∑ DEHP
Total (n =1080)
≤7.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
8.0- ≤ 18.1	0.8 (0.5-1.4)	0.8 (0.5-1.5)	1.3 (0.7-2.4)	1.4 (0.7-2.6)
18.2- ≤ 36.0	0.8 (0.4-1.4)	0.8 (0.4-1.7)	1.6 (0.9-2.8)	1.8 (0.9-3.6)
>36.0	0.8 (0.4-1.3)	0.9 (0.4-2.0)	0.9 (0.5-1.7)	1.0 (0.4-2.3)
Males (n =576)
≤7.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
8.0-- ≤ 18.1	1.3 (0.6-2.8)	1.4 (0.6-3.2)	1.3 (0.6-2.8)	1.3 (0.5-2.9)
18.2- ≤ 36.0	1.1 (0.5-2.4)	1.3 (0.5-3.2)	1.3 (0.6-2.8)	1.3 (0.5-3.5)
>36.0	0.8 (0.4-1.8)	1.0 (0.3-2.9)	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	0.5 (0.2-1.8)
Females (n =504)
≤7.4	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
7.5-- ≤ 16.4	0.5 (0.2-1.2)	0.5 (0.2-1.3)	1.5 (0.6-3.8)	1.7 (0.7-4.6)
16.4- ≤ 33.0	0.5 (0.2-1.2)	0.5 (0.2-1.4)	1.8 (0.8-4.5)	2.3 (0.8-6.7)
>33.0	0.7 (0.3-1.4)	0.7 (0.2-2.2)	1.5 (0.6-3.8)	2.0 (0.6-7.1)

^aModerate adipokine levels (10-90th percentile) represent those without the outcome.

^bAdjusted for: maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, specific gravity, parity.