. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 19.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 Oct 19;6(12):707–712. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.186

Table 3.

Screening considerations for long-term complications of Klinefelter syndrome

Complication	Prevention	Screening
Osteopenia and osteoporosis	Can be prevented by testosterone replacement therapy started during puberty	BMD scan Measurement of vitamin D level
Breast cancer (rare)	Surgical correction of gynecomastia may reduce risk	Physical exam Screening mammogram not recommended
Varices	Avoid prolonged standing, consider compression stockings	Physical exam
Leg ulcers	Avoid prolonged standing, consider compression stockings	Physical exam
Deep venous thrombosis	Caution with prolonged air and car travel	Physical exam
Taurodontism	Good oral hygiene	Regular dentistry visits
Diabetes mellitus	Exercise and diet	Measurement of fasting glucose levels or HbA_1c testing
Metabolic syndrome	Exercise and diet	Measurement of waist circumference and fasting lipid levels