Table 1. Studies in the meta-analysis of the association between employment status and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, 14 countries, 1996–2014.
| First author of study | Year of publication | Study period | Study design | Study country | Country's income groupa | Participants receiving ART at enrolment | Lower threshold for adherence to ART, % | Adherence measure | Sample size, n | Male participants, % | Age of participants,b years | Unemployment, % | % ART adherence | Measure of associationc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singh27 | 1996 | Not reported | Prospective cohort | United States | High | Yes | 80 | Pharmacy refill data | 46 | ND | 23–68 | 41.0 | 63.0 | Unadjusted |
| Singh28 | 1999 | March 1996 to December 1997 | Cross-sectional | United States | High | Yes | Not reported | Pharmacy refill data | 123 | ND | 24–71 | 52.8 | 82.1 | Unadjusted |
| Duong29 | 2001 | Not reported | Cross-sectional | France | High | Yes | Not reported | Blood drug concentration | 149 | 71.8 | 21–79 | 45.6 | 89.0 | Unadjusted |
| Ickovics30 | 2002 | Not reported | Cross-sectional from RCT | United States | High | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 93 | 88.0 | 19–61 | 23.9 | 63.0 | Adjusted |
| Nachega31 | 2004 | Not reported | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 66 | 28.8 | 36.1 (10.1) | 40.9 | 88.0 | Unadjusted |
| Beyene32 | 2009 | August to October 2009 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 422 | 43.6 | 32.2 (7.2) | 59.0 | 93.1 | Adjusted |
| Duggan33 | 2009 | August to November 2006 | Cross-sectional | United States | High | Yes | Not reported | Combination of methods | 132 | 66.7 | 18–51 | 55.3 | 74.2 | Unadjusted |
| Nakimuli-Mpungu34 | 2009 | Not reported | Cross-sectional | Uganda | Low | Yes | 90 | Self-report questionnaire | 122 | 21.3 | 36.0 (8.2) | 34.4 | 82.8 | Adjusted |
| Campos35 | 2010 | May 2001 to May 2002 | Prospective cohort | Brazil | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 293 | 65.9 | ND | 35.1 | 62.8 | Adjusted |
| Giday36 | 2010 | August to September 2008 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 510 | 38.6 | 15–63 | 39.6 | 88.2 | Adjusted |
| Kunutsor37 | 2010 | Not reported | Prospective cohort | Uganda | Low | Yes | 95 | Pharmacy refill data | 392 | 35.2 | 32–45 | 55.4 | 93.1 | Adjusted |
| Lal38 | 2010 | 2005 | Cross-sectional | India | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 300 | 72.0 | 30–45 | 31.8 | 75.7 | Unadjusted |
| Li39 | 2010 | Not reported | Cross-sectional from RCT | Thailand | Middle | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 386 | 32.7 | 38.0 (6.4) | 15.5 | 68.6 | Adjusted |
| Peltzer40 | 2010 | October 2007 to February 2008 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | No | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 735 | 29.8 | ND | 59.6 | 82.9 | Unadjusted |
| Sherr41 | 2010 | 2005 to 2006 | Cross-sectional | United Kingdom | High | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 449 | 78.9 | ND | 42.8 | 42.8 | Unadjusted |
| Venkatesh42 | 2010 | January to April 2008 | Cross-sectional | India | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 198 | 68.5 | ND | 21.9 | 49.0 | Adjusted |
| Harris43 | 2011 | June 2004 to December 2005 | Cross-sectional | Dominican Republic | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 300 | 45.0 | ND | 53.0 | 76.0 | Unadjusted |
| Juday4 | 2011 | April to May 2007 | Cross-sectional | United States | High | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 461 | 76.1 | 44.4 (9.3) | 56.2 | 54.0 | Adjusted |
| Kyser44 | 2011 | March 2004 to June 2006 | Prospective cohort | United States | High | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 528 | 78.0 | 20–66 | 41.0 | 84.0 | Adjusted |
| Wakibi45 | 2011 | November 2008 to April 2009 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | Low | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 403 | 35.0 | 18–64 | 34.0 | 82.0 | Unadjusted |
| King46 | 2012 | February 2007 to December 2009 | Cross-sectional from RCT | United States | High | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 326 | 72.1 | 45.9 (7.6) | 79.0 | 60.4 | Adjusted |
| Kitshoff47 | 2012 | Not reported | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | Yes | 95 | Pill count | 146 | 27.4 | 31–42 | 65.0 | 68.0 | Adjusted |
| Berhe48 | 2013 | August 2012 to October 2012 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 174 | 46.0 | 38.5 (8.4) | 20.1 | 40.8 | Adjusted |
| Okoronkwo49 | 2013 | Not reported | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Middle | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 221 | ND | ND | 21.8 | 14.9 | Unadjusted |
| Vissman50 | 2013 | November 2008 to April 2009 | Cross-sectional | United States | High | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 66 | 74.0 | 38.0 (10.3) | 52.0 | 71.0 | Unadjusted |
| Tran51 | 2013 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Viet Nam | Middle | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 1016 | 63.8 | 35.4 (7.0) | 17.8 | 74.1 | Adjusted |
| Saha52 | 2014 | 2011 | Cross-sectional | India | Middle | Yes | 100 | Self-report questionnaire | 370 | 58.4 | 33.5 (8.5) | 33.0 | 87.6 | Adjusted |
| Shigdel53 | 2014 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Nepal | Low | Yes | 95 | Self-report questionnaire | 316 | 64.6 | ND | 22.5 | 86.7 | Adjusted |
ART: antiretroviral therapy; ND: not determined; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
a Countries were categorized as low-, middle- or high-income, as defined by the World Bank for 2014.22
b Participants’ ages are given as a range or as a mean (standard deviation).
c Whether or not the measure of the association between employment status and adherence to antiretroviral treatment was adjusted for major confounding variables.