Table 4.

Sample distribution of Black African households receiving no pension and receiving at least one pension, South Africa.

Characteristics	Black African Households
	Receive no pension1 N[%]	Chisq p value	Receive at least one pension2 N[%]	Chisq p value
Total Number	1203[56.4]		791[40.8]
Gender of oldest member		<0.0001		0.007
Male	753 [62.6]		279[35.3]
Female	450 [37.4]		512[64.7]
Place of residence		0.020		0.005
Urban	667[55.4]		406[51.4]
Rural	536 [44.6]		384[48.6]
Age groups of oldest member		<0.0001		<0.0001
50-54	408[33.9]		-
55-59	310[25.8]		-
60-62	133 [11.1]		80[10.1]
63-66	60 [5.0]		122[15.4]
67-70	110 [9.1]		191[24.2]
71+	182 [15.1]		398[50.3]
Household wealth quintile		0.452		0.059
Quintile 1 (poorest)	233[28.7]		204[26.0]
Q2	205[25.2]		185[23.6]
Q3	165[20.3]		152[19.4]
Q4	126[15.5]		158[20.1]
Q5 (richest)	84[10.3]		86[11.0]
Education of oldest member		0.001		<0.0001
No formal education	403 [33.5]		337[42.6]
Incomplete primary	552[45.9]		357[45.1]
Complete primary	202[16.8]		77[9.7]
Complete secondary and above	46[3.8]		20[2.5]
Households with piped water	366[44.9]	0.107	329[41.7]	0.167
Households with piped sewerage	363[44.5]	<0.0001	300[38.0]	<0.0001
Health insurance status of oldest member		<0.0001		0.062
Covered by mandatory insurance	78[6.5]		31[3.9]
Covered by voluntary insurance	73[6.1]		56[7.1]
Covered by both mandatory and voluntary insurance	37[3.1]		24[3.0]
None	662[83.7]		676[85.5]
Hypertensive	418[63.1]		419[62.0]
Hypertensive and aware of status	123[29.4]	0.262	226[53.9]	0.785
Hypertensive and taking treatment	108[25.8]	<0.0001	213[50.8]	<0.0001
Hypertensive and condition controlled	24[5.7]	0.262	56[13.4]	0.785

¹contain at least one women age 50-59 and one men age 50-62

²contain at least one women age 60+ or one man age 63+