. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am Sociol Rev. 2014 Nov 5;79(6):1088–1121. doi: 10.1177/0003122414554001

Table 4.

Moderator Results: How Organization Size, Differentiation, Composition, and Climate Influence Tie-Formation Mechanisms (log-odds)

		Development		Size		Differentiation
		High School (vs. Middle School)		Larger		Tracking (selectivity)		Number of Clubs Offered (electivity)

Schools	Main	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full
Edges	−6.689 ^***	−.135 ^*	.248 ^**	−.524 ^***	−.504 ^***	.059	.106 ^**	−.891 ^***	−.386 ^***
Mutuality	3.393 ^***	.282 ^***	.294 ^***	.630 ^***	.529 ^***	.176 ^***	.013	.612 ^***	.188 ^**
Closure	.954 ^***	.023 ^*	.016	.090 ^***	.074 ^***	.012	−.010	.105 ^***	.044 ^**
Hierarchy	.123 ^***	.008 ^***	.010 ^**	.010 ^***	.006 ^**	−.004 ^~	−.006 ^**	.006	−.005
Club Ties	.411 ^***	.127 ^***	.158 ^***	.141 ^***	.087 ^***	.047 ^**	.009	.069 ^*	−.056 ^*
Same Race	.499 ^***	.064 ^*	.059	.099 ^***	.045 ^~	.044 ^~	.048 ^*	.073	−.048
Same Gender	.184 ^***	−.037 ^***	−.059 ^***	−.005	.021 ^**	−.021 ^**	−.008	−.037 ^*	−.054 ^***
Same Age	1.231 ^***	−.056	−.351 ^***	.079 ^*	.116 ^***	−.177 ^***	−.116 ^**	.205 ^**	.159 ^*
GPA Diff.	−.207 ^***	.010	.006	.002	−.010	−.002	−.009	−.008	−.010
SES Diff.	−.035 ^***	.001	−.005	−.004 ^*	−.001	−.001	−.004	−.010 ^*	−.007

		Development		Size		Organizational Differentiation
		High School (vs. Middle School)		Larger		Task Control (selectivity)		Elective Seating (electivity)
*Classrooms*	Main	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size
Edges	−3.996 ^***	NA	NA	−.282 ^***	NA	−.154 ^~	−.157 ^~	−.109	−.090
Mutuality	2.711 ^***			.260 ^*		−.112	−.116	.372 ^~	.345 ^~
Closure	.515 ^***			.028		.011	.012	−.019	−.014
Hierarchy	.246 ^***			−.014		−.007	−.005	.001	.008
Interaction	.150 ^***			.038 ^*		.043 ^**	.042 ^**	.010	.011
Same Race	.469 ^***			.032		.062	.067 ^~	.113 ^~	.099
Same Gender	.385 ^***			−.012		.007	.014	.042	.050
Same Age	.506 ^***			.175 ^**		.013	.009	−.159	−.055
GPA Diff.	−.106 ^***			.005		.018	.016	.034	.024

	Composition						Climate
	Racial Heterogeneity		Gender Heterogeneity		Age Heterogeneity		Average GPA		Attachment to School
*Schools*	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full	Bivar.	Full
Edges	−.328 ^***	−.129 ^**	−.055	.052	−.138 ^*	−.140 ^~	.027	.005	.127 ^*	−.023
Mutuality	.120 ^*	−.049	−.059	−.035	.154 ^**	−.383 ^***	−.190 ^***	−.105 ^**	−.260 ^***	−.051 ^~
Closure	.036 ^***	.004	.020	.000	.011	−.031 ^*	−.030 ^**	−.019 ^*	−.037 ^***	−.006
Hierarchy	.010 ^***	.009 ^***	−.007 ^*	−.007 ^**	.006 ^**	−.004	−.005 ^*	−.006 ^**	−.004 ^~	.000
Club Ties	.009	.028 ^*	−.033 ^**	−.020 ^*	.093 ^***	−.075 ^**	−.043 ^**	−.018	−.037 ^*	.007
Same Race	.157 ^***	.190 ^***	.008	−.012	.054 ^*	−.001	−.078 ^**	−.037	−.046 ^~	.026
Same Gender	.036 ^***	.018 ^*	.113 ^*	.051	−.030 ^***	.021	−.012	−.021 ^**	.000	−.001
Same Age	.064 ^~	.008	−.109 ^**	−.078 ^**	.050	.343 ^***	.141 ^***	.115 ^***	.049	.021
GPA Diff.	.005	.009	−.006	−.008	.013 ^~	.019	−.020 ^**	−.015 ^*	−.011 ^~	−.009
SES Diff.	−.003 ^~	−.004 ^~	−.001	−.001	.003	.011 ^*	−.003 ^~	−.006 ^**	.004 ^*	.003

	Composition						Climate
	Racial Heterogeneity		Gender Heterogeneity		Age Heterogeneity		Honors Class		Liking of Class
*Classrooms*	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size	Bivar.	w/Size
Edges	−.016	−.085	−.015	−.020	−.108	−.055	−.057	−.032	.079	.013
Mutuality	−.139	−.080	−.135	−.130	.074	.023	.059	.034	−.003	.063
Closure	.038	.044	−.012	−.013	.006	.003	−.052	−.054	.036	.045
Hierarchy	.007	.003	.010	.009	.003	.009	−.019	−.016	−.008	−.016
Interaction	−.005	.008	−.005	−.006	.013	.005	.086 ^**	.089 ^***	−.011	.000
Same Race	−.291 ^***	−.317 ^***	.028	.038	.067	.073 ^~	.013	−.003	−.067 ^~	−.069
Same Gender	−.089 ^*	−.095 ^**	.074 ^~	.078 ^~	.032	.039	−.016	−.011	−.056	−.068
Same Age	−.085	.004	.194	−.009	.387 ^*	.224	.100	.110	−.158 ^**	−.121 ^**
GPA Diff.	.010	.013	−.014	−.013	−.017	−.020	.039	.034	.020	.023

Note: Moderators measured as continuous variables reflect the change in network mechanism due to one standard deviation shift (elective seating and honors are left as raw dummy variables). Table A1 in the Appendix illustrates that, due to lack of variance in some settings (e.g., on SES), the N varies for bivariate school results from 94 to 129 depending on the focal level-2 variable. For the full school models, the N is 94. For classroom models, the N varies from 15 to 35 classes depending on the focal level-2 variable (e.g., there is no racial or age homophily in some classrooms).

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001

p < .10