Table I.

The spectrum of cells and mechanisms involved in vessel wall damage in large vessel vasculitis

Cell type	Cellular product	Tissue injurious effect functions
Dendritic cell	Cytokines Chemokines	Recruitment of CD4 T cells to vessel wall Direction of CD4 T-cell activation
CD4 T cell	Cytokines Chemokines	Regulate macrophage, EC and VSMC Orchestrate the inflammatory infiltrates Direct cytotoxicity
Macrophage	PDGF VEGF MMP ROS	Enzymatic tissue damage Oxidative stress through ROS production Mobilization of VMSC Induction of neoangiogenesis
VSMC	MMP ROS Adhesion	Wall remodelling Forming hyperplastic intima
Endothelial cell	Cytokines Adhesion molecules	Neoangiogenesis Recruitment of inflammatory cells Accessibility to immunoprivileged tissue sites